The flexural strength of sea ice is crucial for ice going vessels and hence the knowledge of mechanical properties of ice is very important for the design of such vessels. The primary objective of this investigation is the numerical simulation of sea ice in four point bending using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), which being a mesh free method offers a lot of advantages over traditional grid-based approaches. The numerical results will be compared to earlier simulations of in situ four-point bending test results in terms of force, displacement and failure time. Further, the comparison of the SPH-based numerical simulations with results will serve as a basis to discuss the potential advantages and shortcomings of the mesh free particle method used to model flexural failure of sea ice.
INTRODUCTION
Ships, which operate in Arctic regions, are required to progress through level ice by initiating downward bending failure of the ice sheet and hence the knowledge of the mechanical properties of ice is quite important for the design of such vessels. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanical properties of sea ice can contribute to reliable ice resistance simulations and thereby to a better design of ice going vessels and offshore structures. One of the key mechanical properties in this regard is the bending strength of ice because the mode of bending failure determines the load experienced by the ship in relatively thin ice, as found in the Baltic sea.
The mechanical properties of sea ice are dependent on ice crystal structure, elastic modulus, grain size, tensile and compressive strength, etc. All these factors should be taken into account to model ice accurately. To have a proper understanding of the ice failure behavior...
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Edward Smith is to blame because when they hit the iceberg they still went on while the ship had a hole in it filling with water. Once they knew that they were filling with water they closed all doors under the ship so it wouldn't sink as fast. They watched the as they went by the iceberg after they had hit it and
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SS Arctic was a paddle steamer which ran transatlantic and mail steamship service during the 1850’s. Due to foggy conditions, SS Arctic collided with French steamer Vesta near Newfoundland in September 1854. There were not enough lifeboats on the ship and when it was apparent that the ship was going to sink the crew of SS Arctic were the first ones to occupy the lifeboats instead of following the women and children first policy. As a result of which, out of 400 people on board only 24 male passengers and 61 crew survived and none of the women or children could survive this tragedy.
The book opens with a scene of a ship in the Arctic Ocean. The ship is
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