Hypertext as a Rhizome
Hypertext is an innovative writing form that has been applied to many different facets of the internet. It provides flexibility for both authors and readers because of the way ideas are linked to one another. One of the most experimental forms is the hypertext novel. Until recently, readers were limited to only linear text. The introduction of hypertext allows for non-linear forms of text, which allow readers to move from one point in the text to another simply by clicking a link. One of the main features of hypertext is this interconnectivity. The way in which the parts of text are linked is best described as a rhizome.
The first step in comparing hypertext to a rhizome system is to understand just what a rhizome is. The philosopher Gilles Deleuze came up with the idea and Janet Murray applied to hypertext. A rhizome is a tuber root system in which any point may be connected to another point. “Deleuze used the rhizome root system as a model of connectivity in systems of ideas” (Murray 132). One simplified example of this is the prewriting technique of making a web. There is one central idea and then several thoughts that branch out from it. These thoughts can be connected to each other so that the writer can move easily between them when creating a piece of writing. The rhizome system has also been applied to the notion of an allusive text system that is not linear like a book, but boundaryless without closure. Hypertext is one example of this phenomenon. In following with the web analogy, there is one main idea of the story and then many other branches that are embedded in the text. The reader does not necessarily have to move on to the next one on the list, but can choose from any of the available options. There is an opportunity later to come back to any ideas that the reader may have missed or skipped over. This format makes the text circular instead of linear. There is no start or finish, just a never-ending loop of information that changes order depending on the reader
This rhizome feature of hypertext makes it interesting and creative for readers. They can choose which direction they want to take and essentially create a new story every time they explore the text.
The novel, The Things They Carried is a collection of short stories about life as a foot soldier in the Vietnam War. The author, Tim O’Brien is, himself a veteran of the Vietnam War. Some of the stories are true, and others are only partially true. O’Brien talks about how he felt when he was drafted, and how he felt while watching his platoon mates die, and what it was like to be a soldier in one of the most gruesome wars in history.
Tim O'Brien invents stories to accomplish specific messages to readers. O'Brien shares a war story with readers about a baby buffalo, during the beginning he states that the story has been told many times and is indeed factual. The story is about one of the soldiers known as Rat Riley, he is then said to have nonchalantly murdered a baby buffalo without reason. O'Brien's analysis on Riley's heinous behavior is that war led him to kill the baby buffalo because war is hell. Riley uses the mammal as a way of releasing burdens that the war's negativity has put upon him, but then O'Brien divulges to the reader the story's invalidness when an outsider misunderstands the story's gist. "she wasn't listening...no Rat Riley. No trail junction. No baby buffalo. No vines or moss or white blossoms. Beginning to end, you tell her, it's all made up. Every goddamn detail- the mountains and the river and especially that poor dumb baby buffalo. None of it happened. None of it"(85). O'Brien prevaricated on Rat Riley's dark encounter with a baby buffalo because he wants his l...
Link starts his book by giving details on Wilson’s life starting in Staunton, Virginia on December 29, 1856 when Wilson was born.(Link.pg1) Wilson was a scholar. He attended Davidson College and Princeton University. Next, he attended University of Virginia where he studied law. Finally, Wilson studied political science and history at John Hopkins University. Next, with his numerous degrees and extensive knowledge, Wilson taught at a verity of universities between 1885 and 1902, as well as being the dean of a graduate school in 1910. (Link.pg1). Finally in 1912 Wilson ran for president of the United States and won.
An emulsifier is some sort of ingredient that helps the stabilization of an emulsion. The emulsifier coats the oil droplets and allows mixing, shaking, etc. It also stops the clumps between the oil and water. The most common emulsifiers are proteins, gums, and fatty acids. Some of the most commonly known emulsifiers are egg yolk, dry mustard, and cornstarch. Several foods contain emulsifiers like cakes, breads, margarine, mayonnaise, peanut butter, caramels, milk, and ice cream. Emulsifiers also help the food by helping it stay fresh and preserving good quality. In spreads like butters or margarines, it helps prevent mold.
Woodrow Wilson most well known for being the 28th president of the United States. Wilson began his life young life in Princeton. Then later became the President of Princeton. After his stunt at Princeton Wilson decided to tackle politics. Where he became the 28th President and led the country through World War 1. Wilson then contributed to the creation of the Treaty of Versailles following the World War. Wilson's dedication to the country was incredible and portrays how hard work leads to results.
The readers’ curiosity is ignited because they are not given all the details. Therefore, their mind wanders further than the plot to create a story and characters that acted on one’s imagination; thus, the story becomes entertaining- flooded by the questions of what? Who is the owner of the e-mail address? How do I get started? By which the reader can only answer.
Wilson was heavily influenced by his family and war during his young life. His earliest memories were of the Civil War. He would constantly see Union soldiers marching through town, while his mother would tend wounded Confederate soldiers in the local hospital. Many of his later philosophies began at an early age and were heavily influenced by witnessing the poverty and destruction that war brought. Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born on December 28, 1856 in Staunton, Virginia, to parents of a primarily Scottish heritage. Woodrow’s father was a Presbyterian pastor so Woodrow was raised in a very pious and academic environment. Woodrow was taught the skill of oratory at a young age and grew to enjoy it immensely. After high-school, Woodrow spent a year at Davidson College in North Carolina and three at Princeton University where he received a baccalaureate degree in 1879. (Clements)
One of the most significant ways for O’Brien to relate his war experience through the reader is to embellish the truth of the story. By doing this, O’Brien is able to add dialog between characters, spark interest to the reader, and add personality to the book. O’Brien’s purpose for writing false information from true events is because O’Brien doesn’t want the book to be just factual information. In this way, the factual information in any war story can be unrelatable to the reader. The fiction aspect of the novel makes it more appealing and understanding to the reader. “But listen. Even that story is made up. I want you to feel what I felt. I want you to know why story-truth is truer sometimes than happening-truth.” (O’Brien, pg. 171) Through this statement, O’Brien discuss how he uses fiction to help to reader understand his emotions. For the intention of connection O’Brien’s perspective to the reader, he utilizes the genre of autobiographical
The Intertextuality and Analysis of Homoerotic Relations and Desires between UbiquitousMixie’s fan fiction “As Long As You Love Me” and its canon The Hours by Michael Cunningham. Intertextuality according to Genette is a “relationship between two texts [...] the actual presence of one text within another” (Allen 98). Genette’s theory of hypertextuality is presented as “literature which are intentionally inter-textual”. Genette uses the terms hypo- and hypertext, which means that the hypotext is considered as the source for the hypertext. In this case, “As Long As You Love Me” is the hypertext and its source is the hypotext; The Hours. Genette also argues that “the meaning of hypertextual works are depended on the reader’s knowledge [...] imitates
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born on December 28th, 1856. He was born to Jessie Janet Woodrow and Joseph Ruggles Wilson. Wilson spent some of his childhood observing the Civil War, and its aftermath. He was the third of the four children. When Wilson was just one, his family moved from Virginia to Georgia. When Wilson was 14, they moved to South Carolina, and his father taught at the Columbia Theological Seminary. While Wilson was seeing the war up close, his father adopted the Confederate Cause. Some scholars thought that Wilson might have had some type of form of Dyslexia. During the War, Wilsons' mother nursed wounded soldiers. Wilsons' father trained him in oratory and also debate. Which became a big passion for him.
Leadership skills are essential for those who wish to lead change in an organisation. According to Kouzes and Posner leadership is a relationship between those who aspire to lead and those who choose to follow (2007). How this relationship works can be a determining factor in the success of a project or indeed an organisation. Not everyone is a born leader, but leadership skills can be developed and many theorists have come up with strategies and processes that can be followed to achieve this goal. Kouzes and Posner outlined a very successful 5 step model called the leadership challenge. Their theory is based on many decades of research that discovered that organisations, communities and individuals can and will
North Korea’s extremist actions cannot be excused as simply maintaining homeland security. Instead, North Korea has gone and created a dictatorship where citizens are ruthlessly controlled and isolated to avoid the inward or outward spread of facts contrary to the claims of the imperial Kim family. The brainwashing, restrictions on freedom and communication, and exile from the outside world have created a society in which North Korea’s citizens have lost their basic human rights.
...Moreover, by having paragraphs smaller and/or larger then others, it helps the reader identify what is important within the confines of the text.
Hypertext has significantly altered the traditional role of the reader. It has provided an opportunity for the reader to become more engaged in the actual text the reader encounters. The reader now has the power to pick and choose topics they may want to learn more about by engaging in a multi-linear fashion of reading. A rather dramatic shift of power from the author to the reader allows the reader to construct their own personal path through a story, reading whatever strikes their fancy. Readers are no longer forced to start at page one and finish with the last page. With hypertext there is no definite end to a story by any means. I experienced this first hand with the hypertext fictional story “Dissapearing Rain” by Deena Larsen.
Tim O’brien uses his novel to share the stories he could not physically tell. It is only years after O’Brien comes back from war that he is able to write about his decision to go to war. He admits that he had never told the story “to [his] parents”, his “brother or sister” or “even [his] wife” (O’Brien 37). By“putting the facts down on paper”, even years later, O’Brien can “relieve at least some of the pressure on [his] dreams” (37). Since O’brien can not “[find] the courage” to talk to others about the way he is feeling, he writes down stories that capture his emotional essence in a way that provides a self-release (52). Likewise, when O’brien’s daughter Kathleen “asks [him] if he had ever killed anyone”, he cannot find a way to respond anything more than “Of course not” (125). Though he wants to “to tell her what happened, or what [he] remembers happened”, he cannot find a way to tell her. According to O’Brien “this is...