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Race, class and gender intersect in the social construction of masculinity
Race stereotypes in sports
Black men identity essay
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Hyper-masculinity is often exaggerated and distorted and has been studied by psychologists since the 1920s. “Hyper-masculinity is a trait associated with the assertion of power and dominance often through physically and/or sexually aggressive behaviors” (Mosher & Sirkin, 1984). Expressing hyper-masculinity is a social phenomenon that is seen in many racialized circles. It gives these males the opportunity to vent frustration that black men face in a racist society. By expressing hyper-masculinity, it also serves the added purpose of avoiding the questioning about a male’s sexual orientation. For some black males, hyper-masculinity “also operates as a mask for their hidden need and desire to be sexually intimate with another man, which they …show more content…
This includes gender difference, dominance, male solidarity, hetero-sexism and contradicts relationships with other men which are highly desirable but threaten heterosexuality. The masculine subject involves two kinds of subject(iviy). This includes the subjectivity of the individual as well as the subject acted upon by cultural discourses, which are represented in this essay by covering aspects of racialization, embodiment and sexuality. While racialization places emphasis on claiming and creating identity, which was built off of social constructs that have since been conformed and practiced in Black communities, embodiment places importance on the flexibility of disabled masculinities in producing a self of identity and work towards recuperating a masculine identity. To add, sexuality focuses more on the masculine subject produced through sport, based on the rejection of the other. This self is masculine and based on the colonization of space, and the rejection of the other. The significance of studying these subjectivities is the growth that comes with masculinity, proving its fluidity and paving the way for masculine subject’s denying normative masculinity in the
Many attributes and behaviors that society considers as masculine are typically associated with the idea of power. Overemphasis on power, particularly in the forms of physical and sexual aggression, can be described as hypermasculinity. African-American men have a long history of being subject to emasculation in many aspects, and thus are forced to perform their masculinity in other ways. Overcompensation results from hypermasculinity, and consequently contributes to the perpetuation of black males as more physically and sexually violent than their white male counterparts. In Chester Himes’s novel, If He Hollers, Let Him Go, Himes provides a representation of toxic, internalized masculinity through the main protagonist, Bob Jones. Bob’s experiences
In Kimmel’s essay “’Bros Before Hos’: The Guy Code” he argues that the influence of society on masculinity is equal to or greater than biological influences on masculinity. In the essay, Kimmel uses various surveys and interviews to validate his argument. He points to peers, coaches, and family members as the people most likely to influence the development of a man’s masculinity. When a man has his manliness questioned, he immediately makes the decision never to say or do whatever caused him to be called a wimp, or unmanly. Kimmel’s argument is somewhat effective because the readers get firsthand accounts from the interviewees but the author does not provide any statistics to support his argument.
Both Shotgun Lovesongs by Nickolas Butler and Population: 485 by Michael Perry explore ideas of masculinity and manhood, but I think Butler shares a more diverse representation of masculinity through his different characters. What it means to be a man The concept of masculinity is considered as the qualities and characteristics of a man, typical of what is appropriate to a man. In this article, A Community Psychology of Men and Masculinity: Historical and Conceptual Review, the authors Eric S. Mankowski and Kenneth I. Maton, analyze four main themes: "Men as gendered beings, the privilege and damage of being a masculine man, men as a privileged group, and men’s power and subjective powerlessness. " The second and fourth themes are described as paradoxes that have created difficulty in efforts to analyze and understand men’s gender and masculinity." However, the point of view of masculinity that Perry raises in population 485 has a different aspect.
Over the course of history, the definition of manhood has changed and morphed according to society’s rules. In his essay “Masculinity as Homophobia,” number four in The Matrix Reader, Michael Kimmel tackles the truth about what manhood has become and how society has challenged the meaning of homophobia. He begins with an analysis of history, and then proceeds to relate masculinity and homophobia to power, women, and violence. Manhood had not always existed; it was created through culture. Depending on the era, masculinity has a different meaning.
But these monstrous portrayal, stereotypes of black men are still being reinforced because of the media. The media has a powerful influence in the everyday thoughts and lives of Americans, it acts as a model for many individuals. Black men are constantly being portrayed by the media to fit into the stereotypical roles of society. The typical roles are all too often the black sidekick of a white protagonist, the token black person, the comedic relief, the absentee father or most damaging, the violent black man as drug-dealing criminal and gangster thug. People tend to infer the images and messages of black men to mean that they aren’t doing anything positive and that crime will only be the reason a black man will approach you. The media reinforces the stereotypes of black men, by sending the wrong message to their
In a world where slavery existed, enslaved men and women were becoming more aware of the injustice inflicted upon them because of their skin color. In that world, black people were being forced to migrate, sold, kidnapped and traded in the name of slavery. Slavery was the ultimate business that condemned black men and women’s humanity and freedom. The slaves became the reliable pathway for people of white skin to obtain power and prosperity. Obtaining freedom was not an option but more of a necessity not only for the slaves but also for all their descendants. The enslaved men were put in a situation where their pride of masculinity was taken away from them. Eventually, there came a time when rebellious slaves strived to conquer what white men had stolen from them, what made them true men, their virility. With no rights, the enslaved men were completely being stripped of their masculinity, which was to men the main factor of being a true man. The white men impertinently build a sense of self-esteem by keeping their masculinity and thriving from the slaves’ pain. The movie “12 years a slave” portrays the idea that manhood was a concept important
Kimmel, Michael S. "Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity." Theorizing Masculinities. Ed. Harry Brod, and Michael Kaufman. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1994. 119-42. SAGE knowledge. Web. Research on Men and Masculinities Series. 5 May 2014.
Staples, R. (1982). Black masculinity: The Black man's role in American society. San Francisco: Black Scholar Press.
The truth is that there has been a deliberate and consistent campaign to feminize, emasculate and even homosexualize (newly coined) the black male image. Although this extends far beyond the entertainment world, it will do well to keep the focus here for maximum elucidation. I have made it a personal policy not to personally attack any of my black brothers and sisters, unless I identify the fact that they are acting with negligence and clear hostility toward the black collective. So, I will stick to addressing this in general, but I will use a couple of names as benchmarks.
According to Kimmel, the earliest embodiments of American manhood were landowners, independent artisans, shopkeepers, and farmers. During the first decade of the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution started to influence the way, American men thought of themselves. Manhood was now defined as through the man’s economic success. This was the origin of the “Self-Made Man” ideology and the new concept of manhood that was more exciting, and potentially more rewarding for men themselves. The image of the Self-Made Man has far reaching effects on the notion of masculinity in America. Thus, the emergence of the Self-Made Man put men under pressure. As Kimmel states,
power and the ability to lead. In American culture women must act like men to gain positions of
Most of the current social work clients and workers are women. This gender is also over-represented among women, which implies that women continue to face considerable issues in the modern society despite the changes in the traditional role of men and women in the society. Social welfare policy are usually developed and implemented to confront various issues in the society including the plight of women. However, recent statistics demonstrate that social welfare policy does not always meet women’s needs effectively. This is regardless of the fact that sexism and heterosexism play a crucial role is shaping social welfare policy. Therefore, it is important to develop effective social welfare policy
Masculinity is a subject that has been debated in our society for quite some time. Many wonder what it means to be masculine, as it is difficult to define this one –sided term. Pairing this already controversial term with “feminist studies” can bring about some thought - provoking conversation. Feminist studies of men have been around for many years with regards to the feminist movement. It seeks to create gradual improvements to society through its main principle of modifying the ways in which everyone views what it means to be a man. Feminist studies of men bring forth the discussion of hegemonic masculinity; how this contributes to the gender hierarchy, the radicalized glass escalator and ultimately the faults of this theory.
The concept of hegemonic masculinity, as described by R. W. Connell, is becoming more applicable than ever, namely in the world of sport. This notion was developed nearly twenty-five years ago, yet remains highly influential in the social construction of gender roles. In current Western societies, there is an automatic assumption that women involved in sports are all lesbians, and men posses more masculine traits than one who is not involved in sports. This double standard emphasizes the inequalities within the athletic community. The emphasis on masculinity brings forth different consequences for men and women, where men are regarded as strong and powerful, while women are intrinsically seen as more masculine (Baks & Malecek,
Outline and assess the view that patriarchy is the main cause of gender inequality (40 marks)