Hydration of alkenes is the acid-catalyzed addition of water to a carbon-carbon double bond leading to the formation of an alcohol. An equilibrium is established between two competing processes, hydration and the opposite reaction of dehydration. The position of the equilibrium depends on the reaction conditions. These conditions include hydration of a double bond that requires excess water to drive the reaction to completion and dehydration of an alcohol requires water removal in order to complete the reaction. In this experiment, the alkene is norbornene and the product alcohol is exo-norborneol. The mechanism involves formation of a carbocation by addition of a proton to the double bond of norbornene. The less sterically hindered side of …show more content…
The ether formed from the reaction holds about 1.5% water. A brine (saturated NaCl solution) wash is used to try and prevent water from being in the ether to get a pure product. Steric hindrance can also play a role in this reaction causing either one product or both to form. Steric hindrance is the stopping of a chemical reaction which might be caused by a molecule's structure. It causes steric effects to arise from the fact that each atom within a molecule occupies a certain amount of space. If atoms are brought too close together, there is an associated cost in energy due to overlapping electron clouds and this may affect the molecule's preferred shape and reactivity. Steric hindrance occurs when the size of groups within a molecule prevents chemical reactions that are observed in related smaller molecules. Although steric hindrance is sometimes a problem, it can also be a very useful tool to change the reactivity pattern of a molecule by stopping unwanted side-reactions. Steric hindrance between adjacent groups can also restrict torsional bond …show more content…
The experiment talked about the evaporating drying process of the product and what the results of the evaporating process is. In this experiment, ether is the product being dried using evaporation and it states that the evaporation of the ether gives the pure compound. A pure form of the compound should be the result of evaporation. For this experiment, the results illustrated that the product had impurities because of a low percent yield and a low melting point. The results do not comprehend with this experiment because the evaporating drying process was done incorrectly or not done for the appropriate amount of time. The product should have been dried longer to result in a pure
The experiment was not a success, there was percent yield of 1,423%. With a percent yield that is relatively high at 1,423% did not conclude a successful experiment, because impurities added to the mass of the actual product. There were many errors in this lab due to the product being transferred on numerous occasions as well, as spillage and splattering of the solution. Overall, learning how to take one product and chemically create something else as well as how working with others effectively turned out to be a
That familiar fizzing you hear when you drop an Alka Seltzer tablet into a glass of water is the result of a chemical reaction, and chemical reactions are extremely prevalent when it comes to what living things do to carry out life processes. In addition, environmental conditions can alter the results of chemical reactions, and in this lab, we will be answering the
A: The reaction with water and vinegar was the most useful in this experiment. The physical properties were very self explanatory because the texture of the powders was all different expect icing sugar and cornstarch. Also the Ph levels were very similar of six and seven for corn starch and icing sugar respectively. d) Q: How confident do you feel about your identification of the
Acting as the controlled group to lessen the effects of all variables except the independent variable, at 0% concentration, the height of foam produced is 0 mm. Attributions to these results is because at 0% substrate concentration, no molecules were present to occupy all the available active sites. As an outcome, the final volume of oxygen is none since there were no collisions taken place between the enzymes and substrate. Therefore, prevented the number of collisions to reach the activation energy.
The purpose of conducting experiment was to determine the identity of white compound. Based on the 5 gram of unknown white compound several experiment conducted including solubility test, pH test, flame test, and ion test. Several materials including chemicals used throughout experiment and will be described through paragraphs.
I did accomplish the purpose of the lab. First, I determined the percentage of water in alum hydrate, and the percentage of water in an unknown hydrate. The results are reasonable because they are close to the example results. Second, I calculated the water of crystallization of an unknown hydrate. Furthermore, I developed the laboratory skills for analyzing a hydrate.
The three butene products have been verified to elute in the following order: 1-butene, trans-2-butene, and cis-2-butene. Theory: The dehydration of 2-butanol, a secondary alcohol, progresses readily in the presence of a strong acid like concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The reaction is completed via the E1 mechanism. Initially, the hydroxyl group is a poor leaving group, but that is remedied by its protonation by the acid catalyst (H2SO4) converting it to a better leaving group, H2O. The loss of this water molecule results in a secondary carbocation intermediate that continues to form an alkene in an E1 elimination.
In conclusion, this experiment allowed us, the students, to use theories learned in class to real life applications, or real life applications that we will soon encounter. The lab better prepared us for what may be expected in the future, and allowed us to determine different factors that affected our results in more than one possible way. The cold pack experiment lab that was conducted by my group and I, had resulted in us facing errors such as measurement errors, errors including the calorimeter and errors including our unknown salt. These errors were recorded and explained to better help us prevent it from occurring again. By following the correct procedure and having the correct materials required, we were able to determine the final enthalpy. That allowed us to determine what our unknown salt was, which was ammonium chloride.
Going into details of the article, I realized that the necessary information needed to evaluate the experimental procedures were not included. However, when conducting an experiment, the independent and dependent variable are to be studied before giving a final conclusion.
Introduction: In this experiment it talked about enzymes and substrates. What are enzymes and substrates? Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and help complex reactions. Substrates are the substance that the enzymes act. The reaction studied in the exercise is the oxidation of an ethanol substrate, and an acetaldehyde product. The two electrons were removed from the ethanol to convert to the oxidized form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) to form the reduced form, NADH. This reaction is called a dehydrogenation reaction. The reduced form of NADH represents a bond energy storage molecule. The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), used NAD+ as a cofactor is reduced in the reaction. The purpose of this experiment will be to determine
The goal of this experiment is to determine which products are formed from elimination reactions that occur in the dehydration of an alcohol under acidic and basic conditions. The process utilized is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of a secondary and primary alcohol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol, and the base-induced dehydrobromination of a secondary and primary bromide, 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane. The different products formed form each of these reactions will be analyzed using gas chromatography, which helps understand stereochemistry and regioselectivity of each product formed.
A condenser and heat reflux was used to prevent reagents from escaping. Then the solid product was vacuum filtered. The product was recrystallized to purify it and the unknown
There are some sources of error affecting the experiment results and the corresponding ways of improvement.
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.
...xperiment carried out was successful. Even though the experiment was carried out with as much precaution as possible, there were chances of error in the experiment. We know this as the readings do not match perfectly. Some of the errors that could have occurred are:-