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Socialization and its impact
Masculine gender norms
Gender norms in society
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In this essay, I will discuss the concept of heteronormativity. I intend to elaborate on this concept using the reading by Mumbi Machere: Opening a Can of Worms: A Debate on Female Sexuality in the Lecture Theatre. I will also give an account of how this concept makes sense to me and how this concept proved relevant to how I was raised.
“Heteronormativity is the ’globalization’ of the idea that ‘sexing’ entails a binary way of becoming gendered, which should lead to heterosexuality on the part of people gendered as ‘men’ and as ‘women’. This globalization means that heterosexuality is ‘naturalized’ and other ways of linking becoming gendered to sexuality are ‘pathologized’” (ref to lecturer). In laymen’s terms heteronormativity refers to the
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One should note that the author engages quite frequently with her students in lectures and although these students come from different backgrounds and embraces different cultures, the one thing that is common in their societies is the role of a female and the expectations of a ‘woman’. Interestingly Machera (2004) accounts for the way in which these students view the female genitalia and in most cases, they choose not to call the vagina by its ‘name’ as it is unheard of in their communities. This is undoubtedly the result of negative connotations that are associated with the female …show more content…
It is natural for young children to explore their bodies and to play with their genitalia. However, there are restrictions to this and in Machera’s case she was reprimanded for merely looking at her ‘private parts’ through the mirror (Machera, 2014: 160). Apart from the negative views on vaginas, females (especially in Africa) undergo a gruelling process where the clitoris is removed or damaged. This in fact is the process of female initiation. In addition, the female might not be able to experience a proper orgasm but males will still be satisfied as stimulation of the penis is mostly based on penetration (of the vagina in this case) (Machera, 2004:
When the authors begin to discuss these children as being sexual individuals it make its somewhat difficult to read as in society we often view children as innocent, vulnerable and in need of protection from adults. However the authors make it clear that children are not asexual, they do experience arousal and engage in sexual practices. This from of adult understanding still remains taboo in s...
Aaron Devor’s essay “Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender” describes how despite popular belief, gender and sex are not directly related and how social norms affect individual’s choice of gender. Devor‘s main argument is that gender is not determined by genitalia, but instead by the individual's own choices. Michael Kimmel’s essay “Masculinity as Homophobia” claims that gender equality is a positive thing for males and that social norms force men to act a certain way. Kimmel’s main argument is that men are always having to protect their masculinity in order to prevent themselves from appearing weak. Both authors present compelling arguments for both gender equality and for how social norms influence individuals’ gender choice. However, the two authors approach the same topic in different ways. Kimmel takes a more laid-back approach to the topic by using simple words and a conversational tone that relates to the casual gender sociologist. Devor writes a more sophisticated essay using complex terms and a more formal tone that relates to the serious sociologist that research gender studies.
“Boys will be boys, and girls will be girls”: few of our cultural mythologies seem as natural as this one. But in this exploration of the gender signals that traditionally tell what a “boy” or “girl” is supposed to look and act like, Aaron Devor shows how these signals are not “natural” at all but instead are cultural constructs. While the classic cues of masculinity—aggressive posture, self-confidence, a tough appearance—and the traditional signs of femininity—gentleness, passivity, strong nurturing instincts—are often considered “normal,” Devor explains that they are by no means biological or psychological necessities. Indeed, he suggests, they can be richly mixed and varied, or to paraphrase the old Kinks song “Lola,” “Boys can be girls and girls can be boys.” Devor is dean of social sciences at the University of Victoria and author of Gender Blending: Confronting the Limits of Duality (1989), from which this selection is excerpted, and FTM: Female-to-Male Transsexuals in Society (1997).
Essay #1: Sexual Politics It has been said that “Society has always defined for us what it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman, what a man should be like and what a woman should be like, and these traditional definitions of gender roles have limited and even harmed individuals”. The theme of sexual politics comes to mind in this quote. One can define sexual politics as the relationship of the sexes, male and female, regarding power. Society’s definition of this can limit an individual in their gender role and restrain a person from being themselves.
This article was written to bring attention to the way men and women act because of how they were thought to think of themselves. Shaw and Lee explain how biology determines what sex a person is but a persons cultures determines how that person should act according to their gender(Shaw, Lee 124). The article brings up the point that, “a persons gender is something that a person performs daily, it is what we do rather than what we have” (Shaw, Lee 126). They ...
Feminist theory examines sexuality through a lens that is very critical of male-dominated power structures that perpetuate the subordination of women. Many feminist scholars argue that the institution of heterosexuality itself is a construct, or “a beachhead of male dominance” (p. 633), according to Adrienne Rich in her essay “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence” (1980). From a feminist theoretical standpoint, humans develop sexuality as their gender identities develop: “our sexual desires, feelings, and preferences are deeply imprinted by our gender status” (Seidman, 2003, p. 18). This relates to Rich’s notion of compulsory heterosexuality - a facet of feminist theory that claims women are forced into heterosexual roles by a male-dominated
By analyzing the concept of normative heteronormativity, it has become clearer with the use of Adams’ readings, that our discourses and practices of heteronormativity are reinforcing and normalizing the known concept of the normalized behavior of heterosexuals in our society. Adam’s argues that “homosexuality and heterosexuality are dichotomized”. 59. In this sense, there can be no heterosexuality from which homosexuality can differ: there can’t be one without the other.
Kendal, Diana. "Sex and Gender." Sociology in Our Times 3.Ed. Joanna Cotton. Scarborough: Nelson Thomson, 2004. 339-367
Gender is a socially constructed phenomenon, and how acceptable one’s relationship is determined by society’s view of gender roles. Because the majority of the population is characterized as heterosexual, those who deviate from that path are ...
Michael Warner popularized Heteronormativity in 1991 and the overall concept was in Gayle Rublin’s notion of the “sex/gender system”. Heteronormativity refers to the lifestyle norm, which asserts that people fit into complementary genders (Man and woman) with natural roles in life. Heteronormativity believes that there is only one type of marriage, which is the marriage between those of opposite sex (Heterosexual relationship). The idea of heteronormativity, excludes homosexuals, transgender, and intersex individuals. Heteronormativity also defines gender roles and sets a “standard” for what is considered normal within society. With this viewpoint, there is much tension that occurs as a result between those who are viewed as “normal” and those who are not.
... decades ago. This book is one that will allow the reader to view many aspects of sexuality from a social standpoint, and apply it to certain social attitudes in our society today, these attitudes can range from the acceptance of lesbian and gays, and the common sight of sex before marriage and women equality. The new era of sexuality has taken a definite "transformation" as Giddens puts it, and as a society we are living in the world of change in which we must adapt, by accepting our society as a changing society, and not be naive and think all the rules of sexuality from our parents time our still in existence now.
The last term is heterosexism which is “the systematic oppression and exploitation of bisexuals, lesbians, gay men, and transgender individuals” (Andrzejewski, 1996, p.54). It is also known as “it is the oppression of any person (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or heterosexual) who does not conform to the stereotypical roles of femininity and masculinity. It refers to pervasive policies and practices which reinforce heterosexuality as the only option for intimate loving relationships, domestic partnerships or families” (Andrzejewski, 1996, p.54). The way that I look at this term is that it is not giving every individual the respect that they deserve to be with whoever they want to be with. I personally did not know that this was taking place until around my junior year in high school because we would
Media influences, especially pornography, have drastically changed the meaning of normal when it comes to vaginas. Women tend to believe that there is a standard vagina and that theirs must live up to it. “Exposure to images of the ‘perfect vagina’, for instance pornographic altered images, may lead to the development of unrealistic concepts of normal genitalia” (Barbara 5). Not only images, but also the growing popularity of increased shaving of pubic hair, which leaves the vulva exposed, may also lead to women over criticizing their genitalia. This belief of a standard vagina will push women towards female plastic surgery. This is especially true when cosmetic surgery industries use “beautifying the vulva, increased sexual responsiveness and she looks like a 16-year-old now” (Tiefer 5) to describe the results of their surgeries. Besides influences from the media, there are also cultural influences that push women to get these surgeries. An example of this is the hymenoplasty procedure, a surgical procedure that replaces a woman’s hymen. In some cultures or religions that condemn premarital sex, women may get this procedure to avoid ostracism after engaging in premarital sex. There is not just one particular influence on female genital plastic surgery, but one thing is for certain, it presents many ethical
Gender and sexuality can be comprehended through social science. Social science is “the study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society” (free dictionary, 2009). The study of social science deals with different aspects of society such as politics, economics, and the social aspects of society. Gender identity is closely interlinked with social science as it is based on an identity of an individual in the society. Sexuality is “the condition of being characterized and distinguished by sex” (free dictionary, 2009). There are different gender identities such as male, female, gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual that exists all around the world. There is inequality in gender identities and dominance of a male regardless of which sexuality they fall under. The males are superior over the females and gays superior over the lesbians, however it different depending on the place and circumstances. This paper will look at the gender roles and stereotypes, social policy, and homosexuality from a modern and a traditional society perspective. The three different areas will be compared by the two different societies to understand how much changes has occurred and whether or not anything has really changed. In general a traditional society is more conservative where as a modern society is fundamentally liberal. This is to say that a traditional society lists certain roles depending on the gender and there are stereotypes that are connected with the genders. One must obey the one that is dominant and make decisions. On the other hand, a modern society is lenient, It accepts the individual’s identity and sexuality. There is no inequality and everyone in the society is to be seen as individuals not a part of a family unit...
Fahs, Breanne. "Compulsory Bisexuality?: The Challenges Of Modern Sexual Fluidity." Journal Of Bisexuality 9.3/4 (2009): 431-449. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.