This paper presents the study of non-linear dynamic of cardiac excitation based on Luo Rudy Phase I (LR-I) model towards numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) responsible for cardiac excitation on FPGA. As computational modeling needs vast of simulation time, a real-time hardware implementation using FPGA could be the solution as it provides high configurability and performance. For rapid prototyping, the MATLAB Simulink offers a link with the FPGA which is an HDL Coder that capable to convert the MATLAB Simulink blocks into Very High Description Language (VHDL) and through an FPGA-in-the-loop, simulation for FPGA implementation can be done. Here, MATLAB Simulink successfully simulates the LR-I of excitation model for software simulations. Towards real-time simulation, the HDL Coder function will be used for the FPGA hardware implementation. Cardiac excitation controls the mechanical contractions of the cells through the cardiac excitation-contraction coupling mechanism and controlled by inflow and outflow of transmembrane currents through various types of ion channels. However, the abnormalities of cardiac excitation known as cardiac arrhythmias can occur and could lead to abnormal contraction of cardiac muscle and preventing the heart to pump blood efficiently and can cause fatal risk [1-3].
In the past few decades, the experimental studies are generally preferable [3]. Although this approach is more preferable but experimental studies have the limitations such as quantity of variables for monitoring need high-resolution data in investigating larger preparations and high cost. Meanwhile, modeling techniques for a computer simulation are not associated with such problems [3].Therefore, many electrical and...
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For the heat inactivation, two sets of 11 tubes were set up. The indicated amounts of buffer, water, and ONPG listed in table 10 were added to each tube. In addition, the control enzyme (0.1ml) was added to each tube of the control set and the same amount of heated enzyme was added to each tube of the heated set. The absorbance readings were taken and recorded in table 10. Finally, two Lineweaver-Burk plots were created. The plot for the heated set is represented by graph 10 and graph 11 represents the control set. The Km and the Vmax for the heated set and the control set were determined.
Wolfram,defined four classes into which cellular automata and several other simple computational models can be divided depending on their behavior.In order of complexity, the classes are:-
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Anatomy of the heart consists of the Atria, which is a collection of blood and not much pump force, Auricle which is attached to the atria to increase potential volume filling, Ventricles have thought myocardium and do the majority of pumping blood, Exterior is the coronary sulcus and the anterior and posterior sulci, the apex is inferior and only the larger left side, and then the base is the superior flattened top of the heart. As we know the heart does conduct electricity, the resting threshold of the heart is -90mV and has a fast and slow channel. Fast channels are transitory whereas slow channels are long lasting which allows for prolonged depolarization. The heart has different rates of depolarizations, it has a central node (SA) which “is the heart 's natural pacemaker”(Medicine Net) which has a BPM of
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In chapter 18, we will apply work and energy method to solve planar motion problems involving force, velocity, and displacement. But first it will be necessary to develop a means of
I have always been fascinated by Biology and Computer Science which propelled me to take up my undergraduate studies in the field of Bioinformatics. As a part of my undergraduate curriculum, I have been exposed to a variety of subjects such as “Introduction to Algorithms”, “System Biology”, “PERL for Bioinformatics”, “Python”, “Structure and Molecular Modeling” and “Genomics and Proteomics” which had invoked my interest in areas such as docking algorithms, protein structure prediction, practical aspects of setting and running simulation, gene expression prediction through computational analysis. These fields have both a strong computational flavour as well as the potential for research which is what attracts me towards them.
Newton-Raphson method is of use when it comes to approximating the root or roots of an equation.
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