There is evidence of glass making from as early as 4000 BC. Back then it was mostly used for the coating of stone beads. It was 1500 BC when the first hollow glass container was made. It was made by covering a sand core with a layer of molten glass. It was during the First Century BC that glass blowing became more common. At this time glass was high coloured due to the impurities of the raw materials that were used to make it. The first recorded colourless glass was made in First Century AD. The Romans were one of the most skilled in glass making and held most of the secrets. It wasn’t until the Roman Empire began to fall that the secrets began to leak out into Europe and the Middle East. At this time the greatest reputation for technical skill and artistic ability was held by the Venetians. A far amount of Venetian craftsmen left Italy to set up their own glassworks.
In Jarrow and Wearmouth, Britain there is evidence of glass works going back as far as 680 AD. There is also evidence of a glass industry in Weald and the forested areas of Surrey and Sussex around Chiddingford.
In the 1300’s Venetians made it illegal for glasses to be made with glass lenses in favour of the more expensive and valuable rock crystal.
1352 saw eyeglasses only being worn by the well-educated, very rich noblemen and the Italian clergy which shows how society affected the glass industry.
It was during the Renaissance that spectacles became more widely spread.
The biggest milestone in glass making was when George Ravenscroft invented lead crystal glass. He introduced lead into the raw materials used to make glass while trying to counter the effect of the clouding that sometimes took place when making glass. This new glass was softer and easier to d...
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... of glass. When taking all these elements and putting them together it is hard to believe that glass makers didn’t just give up. The determination and persistence of glass makers in the past, especially the Renaissance has made the glass industry what it is today. Without the discovery of the materials that made clear glass we would not have windows, drinking glasses and so much more the way we have them today. The things that influenced the making of glass in the Renaissance still really affect the glass industry today without us really even knowing it. Today glass is taken for granted. Unlike when it was first discovered we now walk past a glass window or pick up a wine glass without even thinking about its beauty or really even thinking of how it may have been made. At one time glass making was a very high art form but is now taken for granted in today’s world.
In September 1959 DiVita asked 2nd Lt. Richard Sturzebecher if he knew of a way to produce a strong glass fiber that would be capable of carrying a light signal. Sturzebecher had melted 3 triaxil glass systems together for his senior exam at Alfred University. In his exam, Sturzebecher had used SiO2, a glass powder produced by Corning. Whenever he had tried to look at the substance through a microscope he would end up with headache. Sturzebecher realized that these headaches came from the high amounts of white light produced from the microscopes light that was reflected through the eyepiece via the SiO2. SiO2 would be an ideal substance for transmitting strong light signals if it could be developed into a strong fibre.
In The Looking Glass Wars by Frank Beddor, the story of alice in wonderland is modified and changed to where Alyss is the Princess of Wonderland, who is forced to leave wonderland when her evil Aunt Redd takes over and kills alyss’ parents. When hatter madigan and alyss are separated in the pool of tears, Alyss ends up alone in England. Eventually returning to take back her throne. When changing the story he developed new themes like how Dodge, Jack of Diamonds, and Alyss can not stay children forever.
the importance of those things. But, it can be a crucial symbol for someone’s life. That is the impact of symbolism in one’s life. In the book The Glass Castle, written by Jeannette Walls, The Glass Castle has a significant importance in her life. The Glass castle represents the status of the Walls family, the hope and faith for the future, and even life in general. In the story, The Glass Castle is used as the end goal of the Walls Family’s adventure of life. Furthermore, the Glass Castle supports Walls’ purpose of the hardships in life.
“Life with your father was never boring.” – Rose Mary Walls. Rose Mary Walls, Jeannette Walls’s mother and Rex Walls’s spouse, reminisces life with Rex, which included migrating very frequently, refusing to conform, and advocating self-sufficiency. In Jeannette Walls’s The Glass Castle, Walls reveals that there are turbulence and order in life, the influence of family, and how she develops as she grows up through Walls’s recollection of her life, from living in a nomadic household, where her parents neglect their children, to living in a squalid hovel with no plumbing, and finally living in New York City, where she works as a journalist.
GLASS written by ellen hopkins intermenes the real life struggles that teenagers face everyday, from love to drugs to destructive relationships. Ellen really hits home showing the life of a once 4.0 honors student Kristina; whose life easily got turned upside down from one toxic summer at her fathers that will show the darkest side possible of life. An estimated 12 percent of children in the United States live with a parent who is dependent on or abuses alcohol or other drugs. Based on data from 2002 through 2007, it was to be reported that 8.3 million children under the age of 18 lived with at least one substance-dependent or substance-abusing parent according to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Paragraph 4). The bond between a child and their parents is so pure yet
Rex Walls While growing up in life, children need their parents to teach them and lead them on the path to a successful future. In the Glass Castle Rex Walls, Jeannette’s father, neglects to take care of his duties as a father figure in Jeannette’s life. In the same way, he teaches her to be strong and independent at a very young age. As we read through the story, we see the special relationship that Jeannette shares with her father. Even though he, in many instances, failed to protect his children, refused to take responsibility for them, and even stole from them, Jeannette still loved him until his death for two reasons: one, for his ability to make her feel special, and two, because he is a never-ending source of inspiration.
In the end of the 12th century and the start of the 13th century the Gothic and Naturalism movement was moving across Europe. Originally a derogatory term Gothic was used to describe the art of Northern Europe. Despite the resistance to the abandonment of traditional architecture the beauty of stained glass and flamboyant architecture of the gothic style quickly gained popularity. The churches were built by the common people and for the common people. Stained glass was used to depict biblical passages in an intriguing way for those who were illiterate which at the time was a large part of the population. Cathedrals were beacons that could be seen for miles with their pointed spires and from the country side they appeared to be the center of
Ever think you are in control only to find out that you are not and you are in way over your head? Well, that is the life that Kristina Georgia Snow has everyone follow in Glass. Glass is the continuing book of Crank. Crank is about a innocent,17 year old girl named Kristina, who is on her way to graduating early when she has to go spend one month in the summer with her estranged father. While at her fathers house, she tries crank for the first time and falls in love with the monster. The book follows her journey with the monster and the consequences that come with it like hurting her friends and loved ones. The book ends with the teen becoming pregnant due to a product of rape. Glass picks up shortly after Kristina Snow, also known by her "alter ego" Bree, has the baby. She names her baby Hunter Seth.
Papanicolaou, Linda Morey. “Stained Glass from the Cathedral of Tours: The Impact of the Sainte-Chapelle in the 1240’s.” Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 15, (1980): pp. 53-66. Print.
At first, glass was considered to be even as valuable as some of the most precious jewels. However, it was very expensive to make and had little use. Some of the first glass-making methods included wrapping molten glass around a clay coil then cutting away the excess, or casting and cutting, which consisted of casting molten glass into a mold in the shape of the object, when it cooled, the excess was cut away. However, all of these methods were time-consuming, and the glass usually broke. These first two methods also only produced small products like perfume bottles and cups. However when glass-blowing came out, which was when a glob of molten glass was put on the end of a hollow metal tube, then blown and shaped, glass prices were substantially lowered. This allowed glass to be mass produced around the world. Glass products quickly spread from Alexandria to Italy, Gaul, and the Rhineland. Glass was so popular because it had so many different uses: from perfume bottles to containers to plates and bowls to windows (both clear and stained glass) to glasses to statues. Furthermore, they used glass in a way it had never been used before: for worship. They made glass statues, idols, and artifacts to many gods; particularly to one god: Isis. The Egyptians worshipped her as the devoted
Lawrence, D. H. "A Fragment of Stained Glass." The Complete Short Stories Volume 1. New
after the end of the Roman world, this level of sophistication is not seen again until perhaps the fourteenth century, some 800 years later” (Ward-Perkins, 88). The production of pottery made by the Romans was a phenomenon. Ward-Perkins pointed out before the fall of Rome, Roman pottery was made in excellent quality and in massive quantities that it spread out throughout the Mediterranean world,and regardless of the location it was transported and traded everywhere throughout the empire and people of differing social class were able to afford it because of its production. The decline of pottery being made was only the start of the deteriorating empire.
When French President Francois Mitterand “personally selected Mr. Pei in 1983 to design the Grand Louvre to give air, space, and light to one of the world’s most congested museums,” (Markham, 1989) there were many critics. The press “lambasted the idea of shattering the harmony of the Louvre’s courtyard with a glass iceberg” (Markham, 1989). But Pei proceeded as planned, taking a major risk in creating a glass pyramid structure at the entrance. He did not focus on what the critics would say about his plans, but hoped that the world would see, upon completion, that his vision of a contemporary, functional entrance would not clash with the Baroque style of the Louvre itself.
YouTube. “Philip Glass – Glassworks (complete).” Online video clip. Youtube, 3 Apr. 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.