Following Figure 1, due to the presence of adjacent bonding, the electrostatic polarization across the structure is not uniform. As a result, it is difficult to alter and form bonds from these morphine-like alkaloids. However, in 1952, American chemist Marshall D. Gates, Jr. developed the first total synthesis of morphine[8]. As shown in Figure 7, Gates' thirty-one step synthesis is the earliest form of synthesizing morphine's. Gates' synthesis begins with the transformation of dihydroxynapthalene to cyanodiketone. This is followed by fusing the cyanodiketone with butadiene under high-pressure conditions in order to achieve a Deils-Alder reaction. The resulting ring system acts as the backbone for the compound. Then, the Gates' Intermediate is formed by coupling the hydroxyl and cyano group and forming an ethylamine bridge. In addition, the formation of Gates' Intermediate is essential in determining the stereochemistry of the compound, (±)-morphine. A series of reductive steps were followed after the formation of this intermediate to produce morphine[8]. …show more content…
This method proved to be inefficient because it only yielded 0.06% of the desired product[8].
However, it provided insight in the context of Diels-Alder reaction at that time[8] and confirmed the morphine structure proposed by organic chemist Robert Robinson[9]. As a result, many chemists eventually discovered an efficient way to produce morphine. The most prominent of which was developed by Kenner C. Rice which proceeded to make 30% of the product with 14 steps[10]. His method is based on the biomimetric route that follows the Grewe cyclization which corresponds to the morphine biosynthesis[10], as illustrated in Figure
8.
Discussion The reaction of (-)-α-phellandrene, 1, and maleic anhydride, 2, gave a Diels-Alder adduct, 4,7-ethanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione, 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-5-methyl-8-(1-methylethyl), 3, this reaction gave white crystals in a yield of 2.64 g (37.56%). Both hydrogen and carbon NMR as well as NOESY, COSY and HSQC spectrum were used to prove that 3 had formed. These spectroscopic techniques also aided in the identification of whether the process was attack via the top of bottom face, as well as if this reaction was via the endo or exo process. These possible attacks give rise to four possible products, however, in reality due to steric interactions and electronics only one product is formed.
In the Forbes article called, Two Nations…both black by Henry Louis Gates Jr. it talks about how African American people don’t see themselves as good enough to be successful like “white” Americans. In the article, it talks about how African Americans are living in a period of time where they are having the best of times and the worst of times. The article also talks about how African Americans are not assimilating to the American norms. Henry Louis Gates Jr. goes on to say that in order for an African American to be successful they need to have a good career. He says that being an athlete is not a serious occupation, but having an education is. He then mentions that segregation will be broken once they cross the line of integration and when they graduate from a university not by playing a sport, but by their work that they do.
Almost one hundred years ago, prescription drugs like morphine were available at almost any general store. Women carried bottles of very addictive potent opiate based pain killers in their purse. Many individuals like Edgar Allen Poe died from such addictions. Since that time through various federal, state and local laws, drugs like morphine are now prescription drugs; however, this has not stopped the addiction to opiate based pain killers. Today’s society combats an ever increasing number of very deadly addictive drugs from designer drugs to narcotics to the less potent but equally destructive alcohol and marijuana. With all of these new and old drugs going in and out of vogue with addicts, it appears that the increase of misuse and abuse is founded greater in the prescription opiate based painkillers.
In 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act, that was years in the making was finally passed under President Roosevelt. This law reflected a sea change in medicine-- an unprecedented wave of regulations. No longer could drug companies have a secret formula and hide potentially toxic substances such as heroin under their patent. The law required drug companies to specify the ingredients of medications on the label. It also regulated the purity and dosage of substances. Not by mere coincidence was the law passed only about five years after Bayer, a German based drug company began selling the morphine derivative, heroin. Thought to be a safe, non-habit forming alternative to morphine, heroin quickly became the “cure-all drug” that was used to treat anything from coughs to restlessness. Yet, just as quickly as it became a household staple, many began to question the innocence of the substance. While the 1906 law had inherent weaknesses, it signaled the beginning of the end for “cure-all” drugs, such as opiate-filled “soothing syrups” that were used for infants. By tracing and evaluating various reports by doctors and investigative journalists on the medical use of heroin, it is clear that the desire for this legislative measure developed from an offshoot in the medical community-- a transformation that took doctors out from behind the curtain, and brought the public into a new era of awareness.
There are different forms of Opioids manufactured such as Morphine, Oxycodone, Buprenorphine, Hydrocodone, and Methadone. They are marketed under different brands such as Demerol, Oxycontin, Tylox, Percocet, and Vicodin and can be prescribed in liquid, tablets, capsules, and patches.
The pain-killing and pleasurable effects of morphine, the narcotic drug derived from the opium poppy, is widely known. Endorphins are surprising similarity to morphine. It was termed “endorphin” from endogenous (meaning within) and morphine (morphine being a pain killer). It was wondered why morphine and other opiate drugs should produce such powerful effects on the nervous system. Thus, the discovery of endorphins followed the realization that certain regions of the brain bound opiate drugs with high affinity. Endorphins were discovered nearly on accident in the 1970s by scientists doing research on drug addiction. It was found that the brain produces its own set of neurochemicals far more powerful than morphine but share the same receptors.
Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Wine was used at least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C. in China. But it was not until the nineteenth century that the active substances in drugs were extracted. There was a time in history when some of these newly discovered substances, such as morphine, laudanum, cocaine, were completely unregulated and prescribed freely by physicians for a wide variety of ailments.
Morphine has been used for many years in different cultures, and for different reasons. It has been abused, demolished, revived, and manufactured. It has saved many lives and ruined many more. It is the drug of choice for many who feel they need something to numb out the bad, and forget about the real. It is also the prescription of choice for men and women who just want to have their lives back. Although morphine addicts go through hell during their withdrawal stages, and how awful the drug can be through abuse, it offers very much to a wide array of patients suffering from diseases such as cancer, severe back pain, kidney stones, and pain associated in trauma.
The discovery of morphine, which occurred in 1803, transformed the medical treatment of pain and chronic diseases (Levinthal, 2005). Morphine, a narcotic or opioid, is widely used in the medical field today and is specifically used therapeutically to treat moderate to severe pain in individuals. The most common routes of administration for morphine are oral and intravenous administration (Angel, Gould, Carey, 1998). Morphine acts by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and thus reduces the perception of pain and emotional responses to pain (Weil and Winifred, 2004). The paper will focus on the therapeutic uses of morphine for individuals. Morphine is used in the treatment of pain with individuals suffering from cancer and acute myocardial infarction. Morphine is also administered to patients after surgery to decrease pain and is even thought to decrease the chances of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (Busse, 2006; Herlitz, Hjalmarson, and Waagstein, 1989; Levin, 2010).
Almost overnight one such venerable substance (or class of substances) has been catapulted into the national spotlight: prescription painkillers, namely those derived from the opium poppy. This class of analgesic encompasses everything from the codeine in prescription cough syrup to the morphine used in the management of sever pain. These compounds are commonly referred to as opiates and are produced naturally by the poppy. The sub-class of this type that has gotten all of the attention recently is the opioids, which are semi-synthetic compounds derived from the opiates (Wade 846). Opioids were developed for a variety of reasons, such as reducing the cost of production (morphine is expensive to synthesize) and attempting to reduce the addictiveness of the drugs.
To illustrate “In the Kitchen” Henry Louis Gates shapes an identity of a young person growing up in a lower class black community and also the community as a whole in Piedmont, America in the fifties and sixties when the Black Civil Right Movement was taking place. The identity is based on his life and upbringing with his “mama” and the ways they used the kitchen for straightening their kinky hair to make them fit in with the wider community. Gates has developed the identity of an African American community who are frowned upon in the wider community due to having kinky hair instead of straight and also the struggles they went through in their everyday lives through many techniques used within the development such as textual form, figurative
Like other weak organic bases, codeine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, much of the drug is excreted by the kidneys or undergoes clearance by the liver (Fig. 1). In the liver a large percent of the codeine is metabolized to codeine-6-glucuronide, a smaller percent undergoes nitrogen-demethylation and is converted to norcodeine, and an even smaller percent is metabolized to morphine via oxygen-demethylation (Chen...
The poppy plants produce natural opiates. An opiate is defined as the drug derived from the opium poppy and are found in the milky substance extracted from the unripe seeds. The opiates are the best known narcotics. There are twenty different alkaloids derived from the opiates. Codeine and Morphine are the ones that are still in widespread use today. Codeine is a milder form of morphine and both are used today in the medical field for relieving pain.
Molinder H. K. M. (1994) The development of cimetidine: 1964 – 1976, J Clin Gastroenterol, 19 (3), pp 248 – 254.
I have read an account called " 'What's in a Name? " ", which is composed by Henry Louis Gates. This account demonstrates to us a youth experience of the creator that happened amid the mid-1950s. In the article, Gates alludes to an occurrence when a white man, Mr. Wilson, who was well disposed with his dad, called his dad "George", a name which was a prominent method for alluding to African Americans in those circumstances. In any case, Gates' dad needed to acknowledge this separation and couldn't make a move around then. By utilizing sentiment to bring out individuals' enthusiastic reaction, and utilizing suggestion, Gates effectively communicates his claim that name shapes individuals' discernments