The drug cimetidine was launched in 1976, as a successful medication to treat peptic ulcers. Over many centuries peptic ulcer has been a major cause of death, at any particular time about 4 million people are effected with peptic ulcer, and the at least 6000 people die from this disease each year.
Peptic ulcer results from erosion within the walls three particular areas of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT); the oesophagus, the stomach or the duodenum. This is due to the excessive production of stomach acid, consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the enzyme pepsin, required for digestion in the gastrointestinal tract; this can also lead the acid to reach the oesophagus. Under normal circumstances the linings are protected from the irritation of the acidity via the formation of a mucus and bicarbonate barrier. However obstruction of the lining causes inflammation of the mucous membrane and leads to ruptures of the internal tissue.
Such factors as increased consuming of alcohol, smoking, chewing tobacco and radiation treatments can increase the risks of developing peptic ulcers. Thus following diagnosis, patients are advised to cut down on smoking and drinking alcohol, and also to increase regular intakes of small meals.
Patients suffering from peptic ulcers experience upper abdominal pain, heart burns, sleep disturbance, hunger, empty feeling in stomach, unable to drink too much fluid, chest pain, nausea and weight loss. But lack of treatment may lead to internal bleeding; seen by patients vomiting blood and therefore may become fatal resulting in death.
Hence the aims of the treatment are to reduce acid levels. During the earlier days the main treatment was to administer alkali based medications to neutralise the acid...
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...Curr Prob Sur; 26, pp. 44–45
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There are three types of treatments to peptic ulcers antacids, antihistamine, and proton pump inhibitors (PPI). The most important and most effective remedy is the PPI, which is the strongest type of medicine out of the three types. PPIs work by inhibiting the release of protons (hydrogen ions) from the parietal cells (the source of acid secretion) to the lumen of the stomach1. There are many several types of PPI for the purpose of this research we will examine the efficacy of only two Omeprazole and
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Using the Skin Safety Model (SSM), prevention of pressure ulcers can be shifted to a more holistic patient-centered approach. The SSM comprises of four sections, potential contributing factors to skin injury, exacerbating elements, potential skin injury, and potential outcomes of skin injury. Each section then has subcategories of determinants that can change depending on the patient’s specific circumstance. The SSM helps the caregiver look at the patient as a whole and incorporate all of the patient’s risk factors that could potentially lead to impaired skin integrity or pressure ulcers (Campbell, Coyer, & Osborne,
A pressure ulcer is an area of skin with unrelieved pressure resulting in ischemia, cell death, and necrotic tissue. The constant external pressure or rubbing that exceeds the arterial capillary pressure (32mmHg) and impairs local normal blood flow to tissue for an extended period of time, results in pressure ulcer (Smeltzer et. Al., 2013). According to National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2014, pressure ulcers are a major burden to the society, as it approaches $11billion annually, with a cost range from $500 to $70,000 per individual pressure ulcer. It is a significant healthcare problem despite considerable investment in education, training, and prevention equipment. This paper includes two different studies to link cause-effect
Alzheimer’s disease considered a risk factor because of impairment of mental status (Berman&Slon, 2012). Due to their mental status, patients are unaware of prevention of pressure ulcers, which makes them more vulnerable to pressure ulcers. However, the dryness of the skin also considers as risk factors for pressure ulcers. Diabetes mellitus is also a risk factor of pressure ulcers as people with diabetes have sensation lost (Scemons&Elston, 2009). Age is an important risk factor because pressure ulcers are more common among older people as a result of the skin becomes more sensitive and fragile (Bedsores, 2014). Moreover, low blood pressure adds to the risk factor of pressure ulcers, incontinence of urine or feces also considered risk factors. Prolonged surgery, anemia, higher body temperature, and vascular disease are all risk factors for pressure
These specific sacral ulcers limits the patient to perform many activities of daily living (ADL). Patients who are elderly in an acute hospitalization or have a different impairment are at risk to suffer from ulcers (Kirman, C. et al. 2014). Also, these ulcers can happen from laying down in a constant position. According to Hartmann, a pressure sore is one of the most severe complications
Thomas, D. R. (2001). Issues and dilemmas in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: A
On the other hand, Ulcerative Colitis has a similar, but slightly different set of common symptoms. The most prevalent of these symptoms is diarrhea. Other symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis include a bloody stool, abdominal pain, and a feeling of urgency. The most noticeable complication related to Ulcerative Colitis is a general discomfort and difficulty with bowel movements.
MDMA was discovered at the end of the 19th century when the German company Merck was interested in developing substances to stop abnormal bleeding. The scientists of Merck discovered a plant that contained the important compound hydrastinine, however it became rarer to find; therefore, Merck was interested in looking for alter...
In conclusion there are many diverse types of dressings available for wound management, with no solitary dressing being claimed to be the best due to the differences amongst health care professionals. There are on going searches for an ideal wound dressing for the management of ulcers. In weighting out the negatives and positives there is no hesitation in saying that hydrocolloid dressings make a significant involvement in the contribution to modern wound management and is deemed a success for the management of patients with decubitus ulcers.
The purpose of this study is to review current research on treatments for idiopathic gastroparesis as well as address other treatment options that are discussed in the clinical setting, but are not found in the bulk of research available to the
Acid is produced naturally in your stomach to help you digest food and to kill bacteria. This acid irritates the stomach lining so our body produces a natural mucus barrier which protects it. Sometimes this barrier may be damaged thus allowing the acid to damage the stomach causing inflammation, ulcers and other conditions. Other times, there may be a problem with the muscular band at the top of the stomach that keeps the stomach tightly closed and this allows the acid to escape and irritate the oesophagus. This is called 'acid reflux' and can cause heartburn and/or oesophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole stop cells in the lining of the stomach from producing too much acid. This can help prevent ulcers from forming or assist the healing process. By decreasing the amount of acid, they can also help to reduce acid reflux related symptoms such as heartburn.
Inflammatory bowel disease is a life long disease, and it particularly targets the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), which consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach small intestine, large intestine (appendix, cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid), and rectum), and anus. The gastrointestinal tract is very important to the human body; some of its functions include mechanical and chemical digestion of food, the movement of food and waste from mouth to anus, secretion of enzymes and mucus, and the absorption of nutrients. These are some reason why it’s so destructive when this part of the body becomes impaired or even damaged.
The first clinical trial of a novel therapy was conducted unintentionally by the Renaissance surgeon Ambroise Parè in 1537. He used a concoction of turpentine, rose oil and egg yolk to prevent the infection of battlefield wounds, noting that the new treatment was much more effective than the traditional formula. The first trial using properly randomized treatment and control groups was carried out in 1948 by the Medical Research Council, and involved the use of streptomycin to treat pulmonary tuberculosis. This trial also featured blind assessment (2).