Codeine is naturally occurring opiate from the poppy plant and is an agonist of µ opioid receptors in the central nervous system, leading to analgesic effects. There are three other opioid receptors (delta, kappa, and the nociceptin orphanin peptide receptor). Opioids acting at the µ receptor have demonstrated significant decreases in pain (Fields, 2011). Codeine is typically prescribed as an oral medication to treat mild to moderate pain, such as cancer pain (Bernard et al., 2006). It is also used as a cough suppressant and as an antidiarrheal medication. Although the main effect of this drug is analgesia, side effects include respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, and euphoria followed by dysphoria. In the present day, codeine is mainly synthesized by pharmacological companies and as a pro-drug of morphine. Most of the metabolites of codeine have similar affinities for the µ receptor, except for morphine and its metabolite, morphine-6-glucuronide (Caraco et al., 1996). Morphine has an affinity 200-fold higher to this receptor than codeine, which may help explain the addictive characteristic. Other opioids that act on this receptor include heroin and oxycodone, also having high addiction potential (Fields, 2011). Heroin is more potent than both codeine and morphine.
Like other weak organic bases, codeine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, much of the drug is excreted by the kidneys or undergoes clearance by the liver (Fig. 1). In the liver a large percent of the codeine is metabolized to codeine-6-glucuronide, a smaller percent undergoes nitrogen-demethylation and is converted to norcodeine, and an even smaller percent is metabolized to morphine via oxygen-demethylation (Chen...
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...rtant that tests are designed to address the issue. Examples of CYP2D6 assays available are the AmpliChip, the Luminex, and AutoGenomics. These assays test for common alleles in the population , therefore rare alleles can go unreported. The AmpliChip test uses about 240 probes to screen for 30 different alleles, including all of the ones mentioned above. Similarly, the Luminex array screens for 22 SNPs, representing 17 of the common alleles and the AutoGenomics assay screens for over 20 alleles (Lyon et al., 2012). When prescribing medications, doctors should be aware of an individual’s metabolism type in order to avoid toxicity or inefficient treatment. For instance, in the case of poor and ultra rapid metabolizers, codeine should not be administered. Instead, doctors should consider prescribing another opiate such as morphine, since it bypasses the CYP2D6 pathway.
Opioids is a class of drug that it naturally found in the poppy flower. The poppy flower is used to make just about all of the different opioids. Some prescription opioids are made from the plant directly and others are made by scientists in labs using the same chemical structure. There are many different kinds of prescription opioids that come from the poppy flower for example:
Almost one hundred years ago, prescription drugs like morphine were available at almost any general store. Women carried bottles of very addictive potent opiate based pain killers in their purse. Many individuals like Edgar Allen Poe died from such addictions. Since that time through various federal, state and local laws, drugs like morphine are now prescription drugs; however, this has not stopped the addiction to opiate based pain killers. Today’s society combats an ever increasing number of very deadly addictive drugs from designer drugs to narcotics to the less potent but equally destructive alcohol and marijuana. With all of these new and old drugs going in and out of vogue with addicts, it appears that the increase of misuse and abuse is founded greater in the prescription opiate based painkillers.
Nadine from the movie The Edge of Seventeen is a seventeen year old girl that is in high school. Nadine doesn't have many friends, she met her best friend Krista when she was in elementary school and they have been inseparable ever since. Nadine doesn't have her own place yet, she lives with her mother Mona and older brother Darian. Her brother Darian assists the same high school she does, however, they have their differences. Darian seems to be extroverted and quite popular, while Nadine is more on the introverted side. Furthermore, Nadine's life is ruined according to her when her best friend Krista, which is pretty much her only friend, starts dating her older
When it comes to EHR’s a patients medical record follows them wherever they go electronically, whether it be home based care, physicians office or a hospital. Access to medical records are easily accessed through smartphones, and computers depending on the EHR system that particular person or company is using. There are many EHR systems that different health facilities use but one in particular has stuck out to me because I constantly see or hear it being used in health facilities Ive personally been too. The particular EHR system I am talking about is Meditech, and it is one of the largest electronic health record softwares that many hospitals as well as small clinics and health facilities are using in order to transfer patient information, and provide detailed information about a person’s medical history such as their medical records electronically. But lately has Meditech been facing substantial issues with their software and why is Meditech the number one ranked EHR system that is being used still despite these complications? By the end of this paper I hope to have all your answers to these questions addressed and answered.
Opiates are a class of drugs that are used for chronic pain. Opioids are substances that are used to relieve pain by binding opiate receptors throughout the body, and in the brain. These areas in the brain control pain and also emotions, producing a feeling of excitement or happiness. As the brain gets used to these feelings, and the body builds a tolerance to the opioids, there is a need for more opioids and then the possibility of addiction. There are different forms of opioids manufactured such as Morphine, Oxycodone, Buprenorphine, Hydrocodone, and Methadone.
Ethics or rather morals entail mechanisms that defend, systematize as well as recommend conceptions of right or wrong. Many organizations develop ethical codes to ensure employees and employers understand the difference in doing good or bad. In that respect, ethics are an essential aspect of successfully running of any organization or government. Ethics ensure employee’s productivity levels are up to the required standards. It also assists them to know their rights and responsibilities. Additionally, employers, as well as any persons in management, are guided by them to ensure they provide transparent leadership. Ethics also defines how customers should be handled. Ethical codes govern the relationship between customers and an
The Lost Olympian’s Journey This man had survived 47 days on a raft in the middle of the Atlantic ocean. He had survived two years of beatings, starvation, terrible living conditions, and forced labor everyday. He was declared dead by his own government a year after his disappearance. This man was Louie Zamperini.
What would you give to rid yourself of acne? What would you do? The bane of every adolescent’s existence, these red spots develop to some degree in 85% of the population between ages 12 and 25 (Lamberg). Teenagers wake up every morning, look at the mirror, and sigh at the acne on their faces and often other places on their bodies. They dread these awful things that are absolutely ugly. They get desperate and eventually, if the acne grows worse than ever before, they resort to Accutane. Accutane, also known as isotretinoin, is a medication for acne. However, despite isotretinoin’s helpfulness in controlling acne that is unresponsive to other treatments, this medication should not be used because of its harmful physical side effects, its association with psychiatric adverse effects, and its effects on reproduction.
Morphine is a highly addictive opiate psychoactive painkiller. It is often used before or after surgery to alleviate severe pain. Morphine acts by attaching to specific proteins called opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. The drug was originally derived from the poppy seed plant before it was chemically enhanced and manufactured. Starting off, the drug was used to cure alcoholism and certain types of addictions.
One of the many things that makes me happy or smile is being with my friends, but another thing that makes me really happy is doing robotics with my friends. Robotics is one of many activities that is involved in SECME. SECME is an acronym that stands for science, engineering, communication, mathematics, and enrichment. A few SECME activities that I enjoy doing that involve STEM or science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are seaperch, first lego league, vex, and vex IQ.
...nton, 2010)Most metabolites produced by opioids are inactive or less active than the parent compounds and do not have clinically relevant pharmacological actions, other opioids such as codeine have metabolites (e.g. morphine) that are at least as potent as the parent drug and may produce analgesic effects as well as adverse effects. Most opioid metabolites are eventually filtered from the blood via glomerular filtration by the kidneys and excreted through the urine. Detection of these metabolites in the urine serves as the basis for most drug screening tests. Patients with renal failure and other kidney problems may have poor excretion of opioids and other waste products. In addition to renal excretion, glucuronide metabolites may be excreted via the biliary secretion. Bile flows from the bile duct in the liver to the intestine and then excretion through the stool.
One main idea of this book was that with the right mindset anything is possible. This is proven in the book when Louie is in the concentration camp and has to hold up a large piece of wood while having the Japanese guards stare at him. This shows that he had the mindset that he could outlast the guards and that he could overcome any obstacles in life.
Jean Luc Godard’s Breathless is often regarded one of the earliest films exhibiting the French New Wave style of cinema due to its influence on the movement and innovation by the producers. One of the most noticeable edits that Godard does in Breathless is the jump-cuts made frequently during conversations, and other times when one would expect continuity, in order to break up the flow of story to the audience and force them to actively participate on understanding the progression of events. This is quite contrary to the typical Hollywood style of film editing as transitions between shots are usually smoothed over as much as possible so that the audience focuses solely on the plot events transpiring on the screen rather than the editing
Potent pain medication contains the aspects of utilizing medications such as morphine or demerol, how the medications are dispensed, and t...
During early modern era, from 1650 onwards, there was a sustained growth in the population of Europe. Between 1660 and 1800, the population of Europe almost doubled, increasing from a level of 100 million in 1660 to 187 million by 1800. The sources which can inform us of this population increase include censuses, parish registers, and legal documents such as wills, amongst a number of other things. Although recently historians have focussed on areas such as birth rates, marriage rates, and the age of marriage as an explanation for this substantial demographic growth, this essay will focus on the falling death rates as a driving force behind the ever increasing European population during the early modern period. At the start of the period under question, the situation for the population was dire. Life expectancy was low, with the average male and female life expectancies amongst the privileged nobility being 28 and 34 years respectively, and with one fifth of English children dying within their first year of life. Famine was also prevalent, as well as diseases such as the plague and smallpox. However, throughout the early modern period, these hinderances on population growth began to be gradually removed, thus leading to an overall decline in death rates, which in turn facilitated a natural increase in the population of Europe. These factors included agricultural improvement, new foods from recently discovered lands such as the Americas, the disappearance of the plague, and medical advances. Therefore, these changes allowed the population to become much healthier, thus causing an increase in life expectancy, allowing other factors such as marriage rates and birth rates to further contribute to the population increase.