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Civil Rights movement in the USA
Grade 12 history essay civil rights movement
Civil Rights movement in the USA
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On June 21, 1964, three civil rights workers went missing in Mississippi. James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were working with the Congress of Racial Equality during the summer of 1964, also known as Freedom Summer. During this time, white people came to Mississippi to register black people to vote. This act showed that citizens wanted the American Society to cese segregation and racism from continuing in their society. People wanted equal rights not depending on the color of your skin rather than your rights of being a human. However, there were still many people that despised Freedom Summer and anyone who was involved with it. These people believed that whites were superior and anyone who was black should be separated from …show more content…
the rest. It was people like this were responsible for the disappearance of the three civil rights workers on the night of June 21st. This epidemic came to be known as the Freedom Summer Murders. The Freedom Summer Murders helped shape American society, and affected people differently regarding how our society was functioning at the time. Freedom Summer was a good thing towards racism and James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner shouldn’t have been murdered.
There were more people against Freedom Summer than there were people who supported it. Citizens were hard headed and didn't want the colored to be accepted. They were fine with where they were fitting in America's society and they didn't want any change. Citizens took this to the point that there were riots, protests, and acts of violence towards anything or anyone that supported the colored in any way. People were beaten and murdered depending on their beliefs. This is the reason that the Freedom Summer Murders took place on June 21, 1964. Such acts were mainly caused by a group the called themselves the Ku Klux Klan or KKK for short. This group felt very strongly about discriminating blacks. These people felt deep hatred towards them for no reason and they believed that no black man should ever be in a higher social class than a white man. The KKK had burned things that supported the colored in any way like black churches. They would beat and sometimes kill anyone who stood up for the colored. Unfortunately, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner fell into this category. During Freedom Summer, these 3 men were working with the Congress of …show more content…
Racial Equality or C.O.R.E for short. Goodman and Schwerner (Mickey) were white while Chaney was black. Their goal was to register black people that wanted to vote. They wanted quality for all humans including the colored. In their eyes, it was unjust for white people to be able to vote and blacks were not allowed. However, their goals and optimism didn't last much longer after coming to Mississippi. After visiting the remains of Mt. Zion (a black church that had been torched by the KKK), it was all downhill from there. They were in their C.O.R.E station wagon on the way back to Meridian when a patrolmen named Cecil Price pulled them over. James Chaney was driving and supposedly speeding. Cecil gave Chaney a speeding ticket and decided to arrested all three men for further investigation. The men were taken to the Philadelphia jail at 4pm on June 16. Cecil told the men that they could not leave the jail until the fine could be processed by the Justice of the Peace. However, after five days passed, Cecil changed his story and told the men that they did not need the Justice of the Peace. Therefore, he collected the speeding fine from Chaney and released the men on June 21st. The three men were never seen alive again. Soon after, the word got out that James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner had gone missing. The police had began to start the search for them in hope to find all three men alive. Two days after, investigators found the C.O.R.E station wagon that the three men were driving on the night they were released on June, 23. The wagon was found on the side of the road which had been the route for the three men to get to Meridian. It had been burned and seemed that someone had attempted to destroy the evidence. It was then that that the goal had shifted from finding the men into recovering their bodies. Meanwhile, people all throughout Mississippi followed the case as it progressed. It had begun a huge question on everybody's minds on how these men went missing and who was responsible for it. However, colored people went missing often during this time period and cases like that would never become a column in the newspaper. It was only because Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were white that it became a huge epidemic. In the article Murder in Mississippi, Schwerner's wife Rita said “The slaying of a Negro in Mississippi is not news. It is only because my husband and Andrew Goodman were white that the national alarm has been sounded,” she told reporters. People were bias towards the blacks thought that their lives did not matter. For example, after the police found the station wagon, they combed woods, fields, swamps, and rivers nearby the wagon in hope to find James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner. They searched and searched only to come out empty handed. However, they did find eight other colored men that had been beaten and killed by the KKK. The men were also working with Freedom Summer. This proves that colored lives were not valued during this time and nobody cared what happened to them. Finally after a month of failure to find the three men, a highway patrol officer named Maynard King lead the police to a damn on the Old Jolly Farm outside of Philadelphia. It was there that the FBI uncovered James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner from the ground on August 4, 1964. All three were dead. Finally, the mission shifted from finding the men, into finding who did it. The FBI continued to investigate the case to find a suspect(s).
Four months passed by, and trials were set in motion regarding the case. Twenty-one men were tried during this time but nobody was convicted for the murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner. However, on November 24, Horace Doyle Barnette came to the FBI to confess on what happened on June, 21. If he hadn't had done this, we may have never found out what had actually happened on that night. He exclaimed that he was eating dinner at his friends Jimmy Arledge's house (a Ku Klux Klan member) when Arledge got a call from another Klan member telling him they had a job. Arledge agreed and asked Barnette if he wanted to come. Barnette also agreed to participate in the job not knowing what it was. Barnette continued to tell the FBI that Cecil Price (the patrolman that pulled the three men over) was also a Klan member and been following them for a while. Price took his chance when he saw them on the road and pulled them over to arrest them. It was all a set up. When Price got them to the jail, he organized the attack on the three men. He contacted Edgar Ray Killen, the leader of the Ku Klux Klan. Killen rounded up 2 cars full of klan members, when they were ready, Price released the men and the KKK began their chase for them. When they caught up to the station wagon, they pulled guns on Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner and ordered them to get in their car. They took the men to Rock Cut road were they
shot and killed all three men. They then loaded up the bodies and took them to the Old Jolly Farm and buried them with a bulldozer at the same spot where the FBI had found them. Soon after the FBI received this information from Horace Barnette, they began trials involving the men that Barnette had said had a part in the Freedom Summer Murders. The jury found Cecil Price, Horace Barnette, Roberts, James Arledge, Billy Wayne Posey, James Snowden, and Samuel Bowers guilty for participating in the Freedom Summer Murders. However, Edgar Ray Killen, the leader of the klan had walked free because the jury refused to convict a minister. The guilty men had received a three to ten year sentence and began their sentence in early 1970. This case was believed to be over, and 30 years passed without any further convictions. However, in 1999, the FBI turned the case to state and law enforcements of Mississippi. The state had received about 40,000 pages of information regarding the case of the Freedom Summer Murders. Another trial had commenced resulting in finally convicting Edgar Ray Killen with Murder in 2005. He was sentenced 60 years of Prison. The Freedom Summer Murders was finally solved for good. This event shaped American Society onto what is is today and affected many people throughout the 41 years that Freedom Summer Murders were unsolved.
The class and regional tension separated African-American leaders of that period. A black prosecutor named Scipio Africanis Jones, tried to set free the twelve black men’s who were imprisoned. After the days of the massacres, a self-proclaimed group of foremost white citizens allotted a report. The committee demanded that Robert Hill, the union organizer, was an external protestor who had deceived native blacks into organizing an insurgency. The Negros were told to stay out of Elaine, by the wicked white men and deceitful leaders of their own race who were abusing them for their personal achievements. The black farmers that were muddled in the original firing had been consulting to work out the facts that involved the massacre of white ranchers and the eliminating the white’s possessions. Thus, the firing and the fatal riots that trailed were esteemed involvements that saved the lives of numerous white citizens, although at the outlay of many black
The book, “My Soul Is Rested” by Howell Raines is a remarkable history of the civil rights movement. It details the story of sacrifice and audacity that led to the changes needed. The book described many immeasurable moments of the leaders that drove the civil rights movement. This book is a wonderful compilation of first-hand accounts of the struggles to desegregate the American South from 1955 through 1968. In the civil rights movement, there are the leaders and followers who became astonishing in the face of chaos and violence. The people who struggled for the movement are as follows: Hosea Williams, Rosa Parks, Ralph Abernathy, and others; both black and white people, who contributed in demonstrations for freedom rides, voter drives, and
In June of 1998, a sadistic murder of a middle-aged black man from Jasper, Texas, rekindled memories of lynching practices from the blood stained American past. James Byrd, Jr., 49, was beaten savagely to the point of unconsciousness, chained to the back of a pickup truck by his neck, and dragged for miles over rural roads outside the town of Jasper. It is believed that Byrd survived through most of this experience, that is, until he was decapitated. Three white men, John William King, 23, Shawn Berry, 23, (both of whom had links to white supremacist groups) and Lawrence Brewer Jr., 31, were arrested. Brewer and King were sentenced to death for a racial hate crime that shocked the nation. Berry was sent to prison for life.
In 1865 4 million people were freed and let out on their own for the first time ever. They weren’t really sure what to do at this time but they had to find a way because they were now by themselves in a world that didn’t accept them. There were 3 Amendments made to the US Constitution that freed these slaves and put the African Americans in the country in such a bad situation. These Amendments and the actions by the president and his appointed boards were unsuccessful due to the racist laws and resistance against the American Reconstruction. Some of these laws include the Jim Crow Laws and some of these racist people congregated in a group called the Klu Klux Klan. These actions went against the 13th 14th and 15th Amendments voiding them as a whole.
History was often displayed in the film Mississippi Burning. For example, three civil rights workers known as James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, were murdered in the year 1964. These young men were real human beings visiting Philadelphia, Mississippi to help register African-Americans’ voting rights. Throughout the 1960’s,...
After World War II, “ A wind is rising, a wind of determination by the have-nots of the world to share the benefit of the freedom and prosperity” which had been kept “exclusively from them” (Takaki, p.p. 383), and people of color in United States, especially the black people, who had been degraded and unfairly treated for centuries, had realized that they did as hard as whites did for the winning of the war, so they should receive the same treatments as whites had. Civil rights movement emerged, with thousands of activists who were willing to scarify everything for Black peoples’ civil rights, such as Rosa Parks, who refused to give her seat to a white man in a segregated bus and
When the Government Stood Up For Civil Rights "All my life I've been sick and tired, and now I'm just sick and tired of being sick and tired. No one can honestly say Negroes are satisfied. We've only been patient, but how much more patience can we have?" Mrs. Hamer said these words in 1964, a month and a day before the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 would be signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. She speaks for the mood of a race, a race that for centuries has built the nation of America, literally, with blood, sweat, and passive acceptance. She speaks for black Americans who have been second class citizens in their own home too long. She speaks for the race that would be patient no longer that would be accepting no more. Mrs. Hamer speaks for the African Americans who stood up in the 1950's and refused to sit down. They were the people who led the greatest movement in modern American history - the civil rights movement. It was a movement that would be more than a fragment of history, it was a movement that would become a measure of our lives (Shipler 12). When Martin Luther King Jr. stirred up the conscience of a nation, he gave voice to a long lain dormant morality in America, a voice that the government could no longer ignore. The government finally answered on July 2nd with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is historically significant because it stands as a defining piece of civil rights legislation, being the first time the national government had declared equality for blacks. The civil rights movement was a campaign led by a number of organizations, supported by many individuals, to end discrimination and achieve equality for American Blacks (Mooney 776). The forefront of the struggle came during the 1950's and the 1960's when the feeling of oppression intensified and efforts increased to gain access to public accommodations, increased voting rights, and better educational opportunities (Mooney). Civil rights in America began with the adoption of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution, which ended slavery and freed blacks in theory. The Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875 were passed, guaranteeing the rights of blacks in the courts and access to public accommodation. These were, however, declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, who decided that the fourteenth did not protect blacks from violation of civil rights, by individuals.
When Samuel Leibovitz was hired as the attorney for the nine convicted boys, news of the trial spread to the north. People saw this trial as a blatant disregard for equality. Incensed by this injustice, Americans banded together to protest the prosecutor of the case, or the state of Alabama. During the myriad of rallies, people were not as concerned about their race as they were about the Scottsboro Boys. Both whites and blacks marched together to support the cause. Soon, the phrase, “Blacks and whites unite and fight!” became widespread throughout the rallies. Americans were able to overcome the petty issue of race and focus instead on injustice, bringing them closer together. This shows that the Scottsboro trials were not just a watershed legal matter, but also a significant step towards better race relations in America. Events in which blacks and whites would march side by side, uncaring of their backgrounds, were rare in the United States. Such an occurrence only happened once before. This was in the time of the abolitionist movement, an effort to free slaves almost sixty years before the inception of the Scottsboro trials. Therefore, this prominent series of trials brought together Americans of all races, and thus, impacted the nation
In the summer of 1964, SNCC organized the Mississippi Summer Project, which was an urgent call to action for students in Mississippi to challenge and overcome the white racism of their state. The Mississippi Summer Project had three goals: registering voters, operating Freedom Schools, and organizing the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) precincts. SNCC organized Freedom Days where they gathered black people together to collectively try to register to vote and Freedom Schools where they taught children, many of who couldn't yet read or write, to stand up and demand their freedom.
How would you feel if you were told you can’t sit in the front of the bus or you can’t dine in a certain restaurants because of the color of your skin? The civil rights movement was a movement that held massive numbers of nonviolent protest against racial segregation and discrimination in America especially the southern states during the 1950’s and 60’s. The struggle of African Americans to gain equal rights in America during this time was a major problem. The civil rights movement was not only about stopping racial segregation amongst African Americans but also to challenge the terrible economic, political, and cultural consequences of that time. But with the help of great leaders and organizations in the civil rights movement, help brake the pattern of African Americans being discriminated against and being segregated. Martin Luther King Jr. And Maya Angelou were great leaders who had a huge impact on the civil rights movement; even though Dr. King was in the field marching and protesting to fight against segregation and Angelou wrote poetry to inspire the movement and people aware of segregation, they both helped put an end to segregation here in America (American civil rights movement).
The year of 1963 had an extreme amount of racial tension and arguments about the rights of African Americans. The white people were vastly prejudice towards the blacks and used all kinds of falderal. Several people began to stand up and show their opinions about the civil disobedience that the laws stood for. Many did this in a public manner therefore they were arrested and sent to jail. An example of this was Martin Luther King, Jr. when he wrote “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” during the time of the protests. All of the people’s opinions are what led to the March on Washington. “In the summer of 1941 A. Philip Randolph, founder of the Broth...
The Freedom Rides were organized by the CORE, or Congress of Racial Equality. The CORE was founded in 1942, and the congress based their protests on Gandhi’s principle of nonviolent protests. In the early 1960s, the CORE decided to start a new kind of protest, where thirteen determined people would ride through the South in an effort to test the Supreme Court’s ruling, called the Irene Morgan Decision, which declared the segregation of bus and rail stations unconstitutional. The riders had to endure harsh training to be sure they would refuse to fight back, if trainee began to fight back, he would not be allowed to r...
The Freedom Riders had many goals they wanted to accomplish. The Congress of Racial Equality, CORE for short, “proposed a new “Journey of Reconciliation” called the “Freedom Rides.” Freedom Rides played a big part in getting the Civil Rights Movement more attention.” Groups of blacks and whites would ride a bus to the south and purposely go against the social norm (“Freedom Rides”). CORE started these bus rides to test whether the buses and stations were following the Supreme Court rulings (“Freedom Riders”). There were many reasons that had triggered these goals. “The [Jim Crow] laws affected almost every aspect of daily life, mandating segregation of schools, parks, libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and restaurants. “Whites Only” and “Colored” signs were constant reminders of the enforced racial order.” Colored people also had to endure what they called “separate but equal”. This was a complete lie because blacks and whites can both use a drinking fountain, for example, but the whites’ drinking fountain is more clean and taken care of, while the blacks are dirty and less cared for. So...
In a society of a violent system it was hard for young blacks to take charge in an non-violent organization, it seemed to be a hypocrisy. And the idea of tolerance was wearing thin for the whole generation. Later on in the year, around August, the first of many large-scale riots began to break out. The first one was in Los Angeles, California and lasted for a little over three weeks. This single riot killed 39 people during its wrath of burning block after block.
Whites felt they had the right to make fun of and put down the blacks just because they were of a darker race. In the South many young black men and women that challenged the Jim Crow laws or the enforcers were willing to be jailed, beaten, harassed, and discriminated against to stand up for their rights. African Americans were discriminated for sitting at a white counter, going to the wrong labeled bathroom, going into stores, and even walking across a park to get to work. This new generation was willing to stand up, march, sing songs, give speeches, and take any racial discrimination in order to win this battle of racism. These men and women sang “”We’ll Never Turn Back,” “Ain’t Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around, “ “Oh Freedom, “ “We Shall Overcome.””(Litwack, 2009) trying to expressing how they really felt in order to get people’s attention. Martin Luther King Jr. was also trying to get people’s attention from his Letter from Birmingham Jail, by answering all the criticisms from eight religious leaders of the South. He was in jail for not having a permit for participating in the nonviolent demonstrations against racial discrimination. He states “I am in Birmingham because injustice is here”(p. 1). Racial discrimination was prominent in Birmingham, a highly segregated city, during this time period. This city has faced unsolved crimes, such as bombings, brutal police attacks with