When a person's body decomposes after death, it goes through a series of stages involving different chemical changes that cause it to change its appareance. Observing these changes can help forensic scientists determine the post-mortem interval (or time since death), which is very important when it comes to investigating unnatural deaths.
The stages of decomposition are: fresh stage, bloat stage, active decay, advanced decay, and dry stage. [1]
The fresh stage begins right after the heart stops beating.
When the blood stops being pumped, gravity makes it settle and it changes the color of the skin where it pools, making it purple-red. This is known as livor mortis or hypostasis. [2]
Then, rigor mortis occurs. Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the muscles due to the disappareance of ATP (adenosin triphosphate). The proteins responsible for muscle contraction, actin and myosin, need ATP to create crossbridges and make the muscles contract, and then relax. When ATP is no longer produced by the cells, the cycle of contraction cannot be completed and the muscles remain contracted. [3]
Since the moment of death, the body starts losing heat to the surroundings until it reaches ambient temperature. This process is called algor mortis.
The chemical changes happening in the body affect the pH, which makes the cells release enzymes that break down the surrounding tissues in a process called autolysis. In this stage of decomposition autolysis does not cause many visible changes, other than blistering of the skin.
When the aerobic organisms in the body consume all the oxygen present, anaerobic organisms from the digestive system begin to multiply. They consume macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) and form acids and gases in the p...
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8. Mark, T., & Carter, D.O. (2010). Cadaver Decompossition and Soil: Processes. Soil Analysis in Forensic Taphonomy: Chemical and Biological Effects of Buried Human Remains (p. 35-36). CRC Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.es/books?id=aksRkfr1d6kC
9. Donaldson, A.E., & Lamont, I.L. (2013). Biochemistry Changes That Occur after Death: Potential Markers for Determining Post-Mortem Interval . PLOS ONE, . Retrieved , from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0082011 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082011
10. Sampaio-Silva, F., Magalhães, T., Carvalho, F., Dinis-Oliveira, R.J., & Silvestre, R. (2013). Profiling of RNA Degradation for Estimation of Post Morterm Interval . PLOS ONE, . Retrieved , from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0056507 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056507
...st the sacrolemma will depolarized, thus activation potentials along the T-tubules. This signal will transmit from along the T-tubules to sarcroplasmic reticulum's terminal sacs. Next, sarcoplasmic reticulum will release the calcium into the sarcroplasm leading to the next second event called contraction. The released calcium ions will now bind to troponin. This will cause the inhibition of actin and mysoin interaction to be released. The crossbridge of myosin filaments that are attached to the actin filaments, thus causing tension to be exerted and the muscles will shorten by sliding filament mechanism. The last event is called Relaxation. After the sliding of the filament mechanism, the calcium will be slowly pumped back into the scaroplasmic reticulum. The crossbridges will detach from the filaments. The inhibition of the actin and myosin will go back to normal.
Crime is a common public issue for people living in the inner city, but is not limited to only urban or highly populated cities as it can undoubtedly happen in small community and rural areas as well. In The Real CSI, the documentary exemplified many way in which experts used forensic science as evidence in trial cases to argue and to prove whether a person is innocent or guilty. In this paper, I explained the difference in fingerprinting technology depicted between television shows and in reality, how DNA technology change the way forensics evidence is used in the court proceedings, and how forensic evidence can be misused in the United States adversarial legal system.
One scientist was able to tell what a person had done his or her entire life, be it sitting at a desk twenty-four seven or playing professional tennis. The way forensic anthropology is used in an investigation is when a body is found that is beyond recognition, whether it be burned or decomposed. These scientists will clean the bones after a forensic pathologist has looked at the body to see if there are any noticeable differences in the organs or tissues. Once that is done, they will do a facial reconstruction on the skull. Most of the time, this is done to get a positive identification on the body. Then, they will examine the entire skeletal remains, looking for nicks, broken bones, anything that could help identify how the victim was killed. All of these processes take a lot of time to complete, but once they are done, the rewards are worth
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Perhaps the most notorious of burial practices originating in Egypt is that of mummification. Why such an extraordinary attempt was made to preserve cadavers may seem
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In the Simpson case, the officers did not do a very good job at securing
All in all, though the use of a virtual examination is more widely accepted by a patient’s next of kin and can supply decent information as to a cause of death, nothing can replace the hands on approach that is educating our Doctors and interns. Instead, the use of digital imaging should be utilized as an invaluable asset to the postmortem examination process by aiding in the weak areas of a traditional examination. Perhaps, in time, the technology of these scans can be improved upon, but until then, traditional autopsies will remain the gold standard in
Experiment after experiment of the process of decomposition and all of its contributors can prove how long a corpse has been decaying; it is simply a matter of applying known information on insect life cycles to those insects found on and in a corpse. However, insects that aide in the decomposition process are not the only insects of interest in criminal or civil cases. Insects have existed on earth for about 250 million years; comparatively humans have existed for about 300,000 years (Byrd, 2014). Such a tremendous amount of time has allowed insects to attain a wide diversity in both form and development. There are currently about 700,000 described species and it is estimated that there may be more than 10 million species of insects yet to be described (Byrd, 2014). Insects of all species are found in specific locations or areas; if they are found outside of those areas they had to have been moved there by other means. Like any other animal, most insects have distinctive features and specific habitat requirements. Insects as they pertain to medicolegal death investigations help to establish post mortem interval (PMI) as long as the specimens are properly collected and properly preserved (Benecke & Lessig, 2001). Forensic entomology can also be used to assist law enforcement in determining neglect in the elderly and abuse in the very young (Benecke & Lessig, 2001). From criminal
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It has been found that the decomposition process is best divided into five stages: fresh stage, bloated stage, decay stage, post-decay stage, and remains. The fresh stage starts the moment the individual died and lasts until bloating can be observed. The bloated stage is usually within two to seven days after death. Putrefaction begins at this stage and the gases produced from bacteria cause...
Microbial decomposition releases nutrients into the environment that are needed by other organisms. Microbes are also involved in the cycling of many other important compounds in — and between — ecosystems, including oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. Many microbes use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide to oxygen, which we need to breathe. As they do this, they create new organic material — themselves — which are then eaten by other organisms. In this way, the cycling of nutrients and energy
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