Neuman (2014, p. 470) explains that focus groups provide a natural setting for participants to not only share in the free flow of opinions, but also engage and interact with one another’s responses. In addition, Rabiee (2004, p. 655) describes focus groups as an important method of involving clients in designing and developing practice approaches and evaluating services. While the aim of this study is to identify supportive responses and attitudes that enhance the process of disclosure, it will also reveal negative responses, attitudes and behaviours that act as barriers to disclosure. Ultimately, the study hopes to increase the effectiveness of IPV intervention by HPs so that women may gain access to timely and appropriate support to increase their safety. To achieve this aim, the study uses a qualitative design and a phenomenological framework in the form of focus groups to gain the perspectives of IPV survivors through their lived experiences and contact with HPs (Neuman 2014, p. 103; Yüksel & Yildirim 2015, p. 1). Specifically, the use of focus groups is considered an appropriate method for this study because it provides a platform for open expression and interaction through shared experiences …show more content…
(Gaižauskaitė 2012, p. 21; Wibeck, Dahlgren & Öberg 2007, p. 252). The study draws from feminist and empowerment theories in recognising the value and importance of giving IPV survivors a ‘voice’ to lead the discussion and share their experiences and insights for the purpose of improving screening and intervention (Dominelli 2002; Keeling & Van 2012, Sormanti et al 2001; Wilkinson 1998, p. 115). Furthermore, focus group research that is designed to solve problems or to develop strategies can be an empowering process for marginalised individuals and groups (Neuman 2014, p. 470; Rabiee (2004, p. 656). The study will involve 16-20 research participants that will form two focus groups for the purpose of gaining an in-depth understanding of the experiences women encounter in disclosing IPV to HPs. It will aim to produce equal numbers of participants encompassing both women who initiated disclosure to a HP, and those who had IVP addressed by a HP, and outcomes. Each group will have an interviewer assigned who will guide the group discussion using a number of predetermined questions, while also observing participant’s non-verbal communication, such as body language, facial expressions, tone and emotion. Morgan (2012, p. 169) informs that there are three important principles that researchers can use to develop starter questions to facilitate interaction and discussion: something that is simple for participants to answer; something that will generate interest in hearing what participants have to say; and something that is open to a diverse range of views. While it is anticipated that participants will reflect on and respond to the predetermined questions, open conversation will be encouraged as the questions are not intended to limit discussion. As Morgan (2012, p. 164) explains, conversation in focus groups is often shaped by the common experiences of the participants, who share their stories and thoughts while relating their experiences to that of the other participants. The questions for each of the focus groups are outlined below. Questions for group one: 1. Was there anything about your encounter with the HP that encouraged you to initiate disclosure? 2. Was the response from the HP supportive, nonjudgmental, empathetic and respectful? 3. Did the HP offer appropriate information about IPV and offer to make referrals to services that could support you? 4. Did you feel the support you received by the HP assisted you to make decisions concerning your safety? 5. Did the HP offer ongoing support? (follow up appointment) 6. What insight can you offer to people working in medical and health services about supporting women who are exposed to IPV? Questions for group two: 1. How did the HP raise their concern with you about IPV exposure? 2. Did you feel safe or threatened by their approach? 3. Was the HP supportive, nonjudgmental, empathetic and respectful? 4. Did the HP offer support? information about IPV and referral to services that could support you? 5. Did you feel the support you received by the HP assisted you to make decisions concerning your safety? 6. Did the HP offer ongoing support? (follow up appointment) 7. What insight can you offer to people working in medical and health services about supporting women who are exposed to IPV? The focus groups will be held at the University of South Australia, however deciding on the location of the campus will occur once the participants have been selected to facilitate convenience and enhance participation. The focus groups will run for approximately two hours and the participants will have access to coffee, tea and light snacks during the focus groups to create a comfortable and relaxed environment. In addition, the participants will be offered free counselling to address the effect of recalling distressing incidents, which can lead to heightened stress (Neuman 2016, p. 149). SAMPLING Neuman (2014, pp. 273-274) explains that a purposive sampling technique is useful for accessing hard to reach populations, or in situations that call for unique characteristics in order to adequately meet the objectives of a study. Accordingly, homogeneous purposive sampling will be used to recruit participants for this study. The research sample will comprise female IPV survivors who are no longer exposed to violence, and have either self-disclosed IPV to a HP, or have been screened by a HP for IPV that led to disclosure. The sample will consist of an even number of between 16 and 20 IPV survivors aged 25-30 years who will make up two focus groups. Women who initiated disclosure of IPV to a HP will make up group one, and women who disclosed IVP after screening by a HP will form group two. In addition, the focus groups will be conducted in English, and as such, participants selected for the sample will have general competency in the English language to reduce difficulties in communication and understanding among the participants. The age range of the desired target group is selected on the basis that there is a higher incidence of serious injury or death among women under the age of 45 year (Doran & Hutchinson 2016, p. 2287; Francis, Loxton, James 2016, p. 2203). A study by Dutton et al. (2004, p. 7) found that collaborating with community agencies and organisations improved recruitment rates, particularly when the target population are clients of those services. For this reason, the services that will be approached to assist with recruitment include Northern Domestic Violence Services and Women’s Safety Services SA (WSSSA). The services will refer women for the study who fit the sample criteria. Once the sample size has been achieved, a letter will be forwarded to potential participants with the details of the study and the focus groups. ETHICS The letter that will be forwarded to potential participants will cover the relevant ethical information regarding informed consent, voluntary participation, privacy and anonymity, as well as data storage. These ethical considerations are outlined below. Informed written consent will be obtained from the research participants prior to the focus group interviews.
The informed consent slip will be included in the letter containing the information about the study and the focus groups, which will be signed by both the participant and the researcher prior to the commencement of the focus group interviews. This is to ensure that participants are making a voluntary and informed decision to be involved in the research, with a clear understanding of the purpose of the study and the risks and benefits involved. In addition, voluntary consent will be explained to the participants, informing them of the voluntary nature of participation and their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without question or
consequence. In order to protect the participants’ privacy, no identifying information will be used when publishing the study. The researchers will protect participants anonymity by using pseudonyms when recording and reporting data. Furthermore, all data will be stored in a locked filing cabinet and the details of the participants will be stored separately to the research data as an extra measure for confidentiality. Prior to commencing the focus groups, the rules concerning confidentiality will be discussed with participants. The researchers will treat participants with dignity and respect and appropriately express empathy when sensitive issues are discussed during the focus group interviews. If at any time a participant experiences stress or is overwhelmed during the discussion, they will be provided with support and informed that they have access to free counselling should they require it. In addition, the participant will be reminded of their right to withdraw from the study if it is affecting their wellbeing. When not in use, all materials relating to the study including, USBs, notes, and transcripts will be stored in a locked filing cabinet in the researcher’s office at her place of residence. Every effort will be made to securely store data in order to protect the confidentiality of the participants. Once the study is completed, all the materials associated with the study will become the responsibility of the University of South Australia, where they will be stored for the required seven years. The university will keep the materials locked in a filing cabinet in the research room.
In literature, tone is the attitude a literary works takes toward it subject and theme (Booth 147). The tone in the stories, "The Road Not Taken” and "Hills like White Elephants" are very decisive, strong tones toward the subject in each poem. In the story, "The Road Not Taken" the traveler has decided to embark down the path that is less traveled by others. Then in the story, "Hills like White Elephants" the man and the woman are trying to decide if they should have an abortion or not.
Social psychology is a scientific study that studies how people think, feel, and how they behave under the influence of other people (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2013, p. 2). Thinking about what social influence really means, we tend to think of a person who tries to persuade another person to acting a certain way. It can be a form of peer pressure, like taking that first puff of a cigarette, or it can be conforming to popular societal views, such as obeying the law of the land. Fiction is a great way to learn about social psychological perspectives. Watching popular theatrical films is the perfect way to learn because it illustrates the application of many perceptions within the subject of social psychology.
Sociocultural psychology began with Lev Vygotsky in 1931 in dealing with how people react to their environments, pressures, and influences that surround the individual in everyday life. This is a slowly expanding approach that is working towards treating psychological diseases such as obsessive compulsive disorder, also commonly known as OCD.Social psychology focuses mainly on how people react to their surroundings and others in society. Many psychologists go about treating illnesses, such as OCD and eating disorders, by placing people into situations where they have to confront their problems. Many psychologists such as Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram performed experiments to observe how people react to surroundings and pressures.
This article is about children’s perspective and how to get valid meaningful information from the child’s perspective about their learning experiences. This paper focuses on a sociocultural perspective of children as learners in their own right and co-constructers of their own meaning of learning (Smith, Duncan, & Marshall, 2005). This article also looks at how children can contribute to and make meaning of their learning and how they express that. Children use meaning-making to make sense of their world through and by the experience of narratives (Wright, 2012, p. 26). By using a sociocultural view of children, they are seen in a positive light that sees them as competent confident learners who can contribute and have a voice. This is also
Atkinson (2000) among many others conceive of residential segregation as a multidimensional phenomenon that can be solved using empirical analysis. Likewise Atkinson wrote that segregation varies along five distinct axes of measurement: “evenness, exposure, concentration, centralization, and clustering.”– I am suggesting an alternative to researching segregation, focusing upon gaining an insight into peoples “on the ground” perceptions of segregation and if they feel if it is a relevant phenomenon in the area by using qualitative methods of interview. Allen (2008) argues that there is “an absence of reflexivity” concerning gentrification in social science research. It is important to understand my positionality as the researcher as an actor
...practices and ethical conduct toward students, professional colleagues, and community members. I could tell they maintained the dignity of their profession, demonstrated integrity, and exemplified honesty.
In the world of cinema, there’s almost always a discussion regarding what scenes would be suitable for the grasping imagination of any audience, young or old. Alfred Hitchcock’s 1960 film, Psycho, sparked a plug for the movie industry as it was the first movie of its kind to display such graphic scenes of sex and violence to a worldwide audience.
Thematic analysis is espoused to be the foundational approach to qualitative analysis and methods (Saunders et al., 2016 as stated in Braun and Clarke, 2006: 78) and it is a useful method used to identify and analyse the order and patterns of qualitative data (Attride-Stirling, 2001). Qualitative research method depicts the correlation that exists between data and events, creating the pictorial representation of what one thinks a given data says (Saunders et al., 2016). They also opined that, qualitative data analysis is cogent, interactive and iterative. Also, Joana and Jill (2011) and Saunders et al (2016) postulate that, qualitative research brings meanings from words and images as opposed to numbers. However, despite its robustness and rigour of its application, it is skewed more to the interpretivist ideologies since researchers draw conclusion from participants and the hypothesis being forecasted (Joana and Jill, 2011; Saunders et al., 2016).
The term methodology refers to the way in which we approach problems and try to find answers and in social science, it applies to how research is conducted, our assumptions, interest and purposes shape which methodology we choose (Steven, 2016:3).Qualitative research is understanding people from their own perspectives, their viewpoint and experiencing reality as they experience it. Qualitative research has many approaches or methods of collecting data and one of them is an interview which I have chosen to explain further based on it as a method of collecting data. The interview is the most common method of data gathering used in qualitative research and it is used in deferent ways by every main theoretical and methodological approach.
Informed consent is a very serious decision a patient has to make when it comes to their health and consenting to procedures that are believed to cure or treat their current health status. It is important to address the effectiveness of the role a physician play in the informed consent process assuring that the patient has given truly informed consent and what safeguards can be put in place to assure the patient is exercising informed consent. Informed consent is based on the fact that the person consenting is a rational individual that is aware of the action to which he/she is consenting. Allen and McNamara (2011) notes that "On the standard understanding, the important elements of informed consent are the provision of information, the voluntariness of the choice and the competence of the chooser to make the choice— so the potential research participant should be provided with information relevant to the decision to participate, they should be able to choose freely about their participation and they should be competent to decide.
Discuss the social psychological approach in psychology and identify the kinds of questions that social psychologists attempt to answer.
In the short story "Through the tunnel", Doris Lessing describes the adventure of Jerry, a young English boy trying to swim through an underwater tunnel. Throughout the story, the author uses the third person omniscient point of view to describe the boy's surroundings and to show us both what he and the other characters are thinking and what is happening around them. By using this point of view, the author is able to describe the setting of the story, give a detailed description of the characters, and make the theme visible.
We start by defining both the term and the concept of social psychology. Social psychology is the study of how the conscious and unconscious mind interacts to influence our behaviors, emotions, and thought processes. The concept of social psychology allows us to understand how people react when there is an actual or implied presence of another individual and/or group. Society has a large influence over human behavior. Things such as peer pressure along with parental influences, in-group versus out-group bias, group dynamics, and the implied and/or actual presence of personal principles play a large role in how one functions in everyday life. Each of these moving factors according to Marcus Aurelius are merely stepping-stones to the path
What is the sociological perspective of human behavior? How is it applied to the study of juvenile delinquency?
In reflection on my learning experience in the group class, I have gained clarity on what sorts of competencies of facilitating group therapy, as well as in what areas social workers and students tend to feel most strong in my practice. Regarding my specific gains in competencies, I feel that I learned the most and was most likely to gain specific group facilitating competencies at the weekly class. Learning in group class is taught me the tools to use to work with groups therapy, communities and also with individuals through the process of changes. In this past three months I think a lot of opportunities have been created to shadowing with (beside and behind) and being a part of group members to learn. In addition, this class has taught me about the skills and how effectively help