6. first law of thermodynamics / second law of thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is that heat is work and work is heat. Energy can’t be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another form. First law of thermodynamics would be eating food. Humans turn food into chemical energy and humans need that energy to keep functioning. The second law of thermodynamics is heat can only transfer to colder objects not hotter objects. An example would be ice melting in a cooler. The coldness from the ice doesn’t leave the cooler, instead the heat transfers into the cooler to melt the ice. The third law is that the work or energy put in is equal to the work out plus heat. Some heat energy will always be wasted, such as a computer giving off heat. Using the first law, when the energy is transferred from one form to another, there will always be wasted heat because of the second law. This is because the energy is converted from a useful form to a less useful form. The less useful form is heat. 7. antiport / symport The antiport brings a molecule inside of the cell at the same time it brings a molecule outside of the cell. Anti means opposite and port means carry. Sodium-potassium exchange pump is an example of an antiporter. This is because of the breakdown of ATP. Three sodium ions bind to protein inside of the cell (cytoplasm side) ATP, then binds to the protein which causes phosphorylation. Then the phosphorylation exchanges the three sodium ions for two potassium ions. The symporter brings two molecules into the cell at the same time. Sym means with and port means carry. Sodium (NA-) pairs up with a molecule like glucose and amino acids to bring it into the cell. Overall, the sodium gradient uses the pumps ... ... middle of paper ... ...radient within the thylakoid membrane. The hydrogen atoms find a protein channel (ATP synthase) to pump them out of the thylakoid called facilitated diffusion. The hydrogen flows through the ATP synthase, which is used as energy, and then they tie the ADP with phosphate to create ATP. The hydrogen atoms travel through the ATP synthase and connect NADP+ to create NADPH. As you see, the two pathways of chemiosmosis are similar within the ATP synthase (hydrogen pumps) and they both use the electron transport chains to create ATP. The difference is that the aerobic respiration is in the cytoplasm and photorespiration is in the mitochondria. In photorespiration, light is converted to ATP and also pumps hydrogen to the thylakoid using the ATP synthase pump. Aerobic respiration converts glucose to ATP and pumps the hydrogen to the mitochondria using the ATP synthase pump.
This occurs when special carrier proteins carry solutes dissolved in the water across the membrane by using active transport. When the concentration gradient can not allow travel from one side of the membrane to the other fast enough for the cell’s nutritional needs, then facilitated diffusion is used. The transport protein is specialized for the solute it is carrying, just as enzymes are specialized for their substrate. The transport protein can be
When a red blood cell is placed in hypertonic (very concentrated) solution of NaCl sodium ions may enter the cell, but are pumped out by the Na/K-ATPase pump. In addition, water leaves the cell, and the cell shrinks, because the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it.
Overview of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Written by Cheril Tague South University Online Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis are both cellular processes in which organisms use energy. However, photosynthesis converts the light obtained from the sun and turns it into a chemical energy of sugar and oxygen. Cellular respiration is a biochemical process in which the energy is obtained from chemical bonds from food. They both seem the same since they are essential to life, but they are very different processes and not all living things use both to survive ("Difference Between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration", 2017). In this paper I will go over the different processes for photosynthesis and the processes for cellular respiration and how they are like each other and how they are essential to our everyday life.
The direction of osmosis depends on the relative concentration of the solutes on the two sides. In osmosis, water can travel in three different ways. If the molecules outside the cell are lower than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into the cell until equilibrium is established. If the molecules outside the cell are higher than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypertonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses out of the cell until equilibrium exists. If the molecules outside and inside the cell are equal, the solution is said to be isotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into and out of the cell at equal rates, causing no net movement of water. In osmosis the cell is selectively permeable, meaning that it only allows certain substances to be transferred into and out of the cell. In osmosis, the proteins only on the surface are called peripheral proteins, which form carbohydrate chains whose purpose is used like antennae for communication. Embedded in the peripheral proteins are integral
The process of photosynthesis is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is the process in which cells transform energy in the form of light from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds and gaseous oxygen (See Equation Below). In photosynthesis, water is oxidized to gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose. Furthermore, photosynthesis is an anabolic process, or in other words is a metabolism that is associated with the construction of large molecules such as glucose. The process of photosynthesis occurs in two steps: light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membrane and use the energy from the sun to produce ATP and NADPH2. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and consumes ATP and NADPH2 to reduce carbon dioxide to a sugar.
The first law of thermodynamics simply states that heat is a form of energy and heat energy cannot be created nor destroyed. In this lab we were measuring the change in temperature and how it affected the enthalpy of the reaction.
Aluminum is slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), non-hazardous in case of ingestion, and non-hazardous in case of inhalation.
Membranes play an integral function in trapping and securing metabolic products within the borders of a cell within an aqueous environment. Without a selectively permeable border surrounding sites of anabolic function, potential useful products of this metabolism would simply diffuse away in the aqueous environment contained within and surrounding the cell. However, securing metabolites within the cell also comes with a price of not being able to acquire potentially useful compounds from the surrounding environment. Some very small gases and polar uncharged compounds are able to simply diffuse across this membrane, moving to the site of lower concentration on either side of the membrane. However, larger uncharged and charged polar molecules,
Substances can only move across a cell membrane by active transport or passive transport. Active transport moves molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration area using the body’s energy. Passive transport moves molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration area without using any energy. Furthermore, the main process of passive transport is diffusion, which involves the movement of dissolved particles through a semi-permeable membrane from that of a high concentration to a low concentration. The tonicity of a cell refers to the concentration of the solution that will determine the direction and extent of diffusion. Diffusion comes in another form called facilitated diffusion/transport, which
Heat is thermal energy being transferred from one place to another, because of temperature changes. This can take place by three processes. These three processes are known as conduction, convection, and radiation.
Heat energy is transferred through three ways- conduction, convection and radiation. All three are able to transfer heat from one place to another based off of different principles however, are all three are connected by the physics of heat. Let’s start with heat- what exactly is heat? We can understand heat by knowing that “heat is a thermal energy that flows from the warmer areas to the cooler areas, and the thermal energy is the total of all kinetic energies within a given system.” (Soffar, 2015) Now, we can explore the means to which heat is transferred and how each of them occurs. Heat is transferred through conduction at the molecular level and in simple terms, the transfers occurs through physical contact. In conduction, “the substance
They are the same reactions, but occur in reverse. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen respiration, process glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water, catabolic pathway process which requires or contains molecular oxygen for the production of adenosine triphosphate. This three step aerobic respiration cycle occurs in the cytoplasm and in the organelles called mitochondria. Within this process, cells break down oxygen and glucose in a storable form called adenosine triphosphate or ATP. This cellular respiration or sometimes called an exothermic reaction is similar to a combustion type reaction whereby the cell releases energy in the form heat but at a much slower rate within a living cell.
Moreover, water moves inside and around the cell by osmotic pressure within each compartment and pulls fluid from one area to the other. The level of osmotic pressure remains approximately the same in ICF and ECF. Osmotic pressure can also be defined as the attraction of water to
membranes and are also a component of energy depositing molecules like the ATP and ADP.
There are three laws of thermodynamics in which the changing system can be followed in order to return to equilibrium. In order for a system to gain energy, the surroundings have to supply it, and vice versa when the system loses energy, the surroundings must gain it. As the energy is transferred it can be converted from its original form to another as the transfer takes place, but the energy will never be created or destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, basically restates that energy can’t be destroyed or created “as follows: the total energy of the universe is a constant.” All around, the conservation of energy is applied.