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Theories into language development
Language development theoretical development
Language development introduction
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Written by Hayakawa, Language in Thought and Action, introduces the concept that would allow the “human fitness to survive” as it “requires the ability to talk, write, listen, and read in ways that increase the chance for you and fellow members of the species to survive together.” Contradictory to Hayakawa’s opinion, it is merely a helpful stepping stone, and in some cases, language in the literal sense, isn’t even needed for humans to survive as shown in the multiple cases of feral children.
Feral children, in most cases, develop the ability to survive as animals survive, but in the vast majority of the known cases of capture, these children have never learned to speak and have either retained their animal-like tendencies or have exhibited
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That person is not able to fully grasp the art of social language, as well as isn’t able to form a fully structured sentence, and may also experience mental as well as physical retardation. Due to the mental constraints and limitations inflicted by the lack of human care and interaction, that person usually isn’t able to grasp the concept of language even as they age which brings up even more questions of how essential is language when broken down as to what age is language the most crucial to be taught at. The retardation can be influenced by the isolation of that person from the community as a whole at a young age which can then force them to lose the precious window of time to learn a language. As experienced by the feral children as they were growing older, reports have indicated that they found it exceedingly difficult to even learn some words of a language. One theorist even proposed that because of the lasting effects inflicted by isolation, these experiences “indicate that the foundation for learning language seems to be built at a young age, and missing that window during your early toddler/child years may prevent you from having the opportunity to acquire a language later in life” as the mind has already developed into a set way of
Although babies are born without language, they learn to communicate by listening to the world around them. Language is crucial for the development of a child. By the time the child is school age he or she should have amassed some sort of vocabulary without any instructional lessons. Children pick up grammar, language, and meaning from the people around them. No one should be denied a language. We use language to express our feelings, state our needs and say what’s on our minds. Without language it would be like we are in a prison in our own heads with no means on how to communicate with other people. This can lead to frustration, resentment, and uncontrolled behaviors.
The prehistoric times stand evidence to the power of language as a tool for communication and growth. Language has proven to be an effective medium and factor surrounding the evolution of man. Language has played a big role in the development of individuals and societies. What is spoken and/or written, help in the initiation of imagination, expression of feelings, and conveyance of thoughts and ideas.
Language is integral to learning as it is linked to our thoughts. It helps us to organise our thoughts in an organised way. If a child has difficulties in communicating with others due to a speech and language delay or disorder, they will not be working to their full potential, as they will be less able to organise their thought processes and express themselves. This becomes even more of a problem as children become older and the curriculum becomes more demanding, the use of rational and abstract thinking will become more important, hence the importance of early detection and intervention. The early years are a time of rapid learning and development, therefore the earlier the diagnosis of delayed language acquisition, the easier it will be for professionals and others to target the childâ€TMs needs so that they are able to give appropriate support, thus benefiting the
As most people know speech and language issues would only happen with children just learning to talk and tennagers in middle school to high school. The reasoning behind this is because most people don’t correct their children’s speech when they are first learning due to the fact that the parents or grandparents think it is to cute to correct, which only hurts the children more th...
Displays little facility in the use of language, using very limited vocabulary or incorrect word choice
The tragic case of feral child Genie provides a unique perspective on the roles of socialization and physiology in language acquisition during the critical period. After 11 years of isolation and abuse Genie was discovered possessing no known language, having already passed what was theorized to be the critical period. Through examining Genie’s diagnosed mental retardation and dichotic testing, we can draw conclusions from her physical abuse and social isolation as it pertains to language development during the critical period. Using the example of Genie’s stalled linguistic development, her language acquisition compared to both normal children and late learners of American sign language (ASL), the role of exposure and socialization and brain lateralization, this paper will demonstrate support of the theory of critical period for language
The tragic case of feral child Genie provides a unique perspective on the roles of socialization and linguistic exposure as they relate to post-puberty language acquisition. After eleven years of isolation and abuse, Genie was discovered possessing no known language, having already passed what has theorized to be the critical period. Utilizing a variety of methods and testing, professionals attempted to aid Genie in first language acquisition over the next five years with little success. Using examples of stalled grammatical development, language acquisition compared to both normal children and late learners of American Sign Language (ASL); and the roles of linguistic exposure, socialization and brain lateralization, this paper will demonstrate support of the theory of critical period for first language acquisition as it relates to Genie’s case.
In this world, humans and animals alike have come to communicate by using various mechanisms. Humans have advanced themselves beyond other organisms by using language, or a set of codes and symbols, in order to express themselves to others. Language has brought about a means to create new thoughts, to explore, and to analyze our everyday surroundings. It has also enabled us to retain past memories and to look deep into the advances for the future. However, for some individuals, this tool for communication has been plagued by a language and speech disorders, such as aphasia. Aphasia is the loss of the ability to speak or understand speech or written language. It is often detected at an early age, and contributes to the general class of speech and language disorders affecting "5% of school aged children" (1) . Aphasia is classified into three categories. The main two are receptive or sensory aphasia and expressive or motor aphasia. Receptive aphasia affects the input side and "the ability to understand spoken or written language may be partially or totally lost" (1) . Those with expressive aphasia "can speak but not find certain words or names, or may be totally unable to communicate verbally or by writing" (1) . For a majority of affected individuals, there is a combination of the two. The third type is conduction aphasia. This "involves disruption of transmission between the sensory and motor ends of the circuit" (1) . Here, individuals are able to produce speech despite the lack of connections to the input side. It seems that the ability to speak has a lot to do with your surroundings and how much emphasis was placed on developing this skill during the first few years after birth. Afterall, it's known that the first few years are critical because this is the time when the brain is "plastic" and is rapidly changing and being molded. By the time that adolescence is reached, the brain has become "less plastic". In this paper, I would like to explore theories proposed to try to understand the origins of this impairment.
Communication is very crucial in life, especially in education. Whether it be delivering a message or receiving information, without the ability to communicate learning can be extremely difficult. Students with speech and language disorders may have “trouble producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say” (Turkington, p10, 2003) Each of these problems can create major setbacks in the classroom. Articulation, expression and reception are all essential components for communication. If a student has an issue with articulation, they most likely then have difficulty speaking clearly and at a normal rate (Turkington, 2003). When they produce words, they may omit, substitute, or even distort sounds, hindering their ability to talk. Students who lack in ways of expression have problems explaining what they are thinking and feeling because they do not understand certain parts of language. As with all types of learning disabilities, the severity can range. Two extreme cases of expression disorders are dysphasia and aphasia, in which there is partial to no communication at all (Greene, 435, 2002). Individuals can also have a receptive disorder, in which they do not fully comprehend and understand information that is being given to them. They can experience problems making sense of things. “Children may hear or see a word but not be able to understand its meaning” (National Institutes of Health, 1993, p1). Whether children have difficulty articulating speech, expressing words, receiving information, or a combination of the three, there is no doubt that the tasks given to them in school cause frustration. These children experience anxiety when...
The wild children are children who have grown up with minimal human contact, or even none. They may have been taken care by animals or somehow have survived all alone in wilderness. Normally, they are lost, stolen or abandoned in childhood and then, years later, discovered, captured and collected by the humans . The cases that are known for feral children are of great scientific interest. They constitute a kind of degree zero of human development and it teaches us what we would have been without the support of humans, abruptly it shows the fragility of our animalism, and reveals the precarious root of our human life. In terms of language, the wild children only know the mime and the sounds made by the animals with which they were living, especially those of their host families (Melson & Fine(2006). Their ability to learn a language on their return to human society is
Wilder Penfield and Lamar Roberts first introduced the idea that there is a “critical period” for learning language in 1959. This critical period is a biologically determined period referring to a period of time when learning/acquiring a language is relatively easy and typically meets with a high degree of success. German linguist Eric Lenneberg further highlights Roberts and Penfield’s findings and postulated the Critical Period Hypothesis in 1967. According to the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), certain biological events related to language development can only happen in the critical period. During this time, the brain possesses a degree of flexibility (ability and ease of learning a language) and becomes lateralized (assignment of language functions becomes concrete – either in the left or right hemisphere) (Marinova-Todd, S; Marshall, D & Snow, C. 2000 9-10). This critical period lasts from childhood through the onset of puberty (usually at around 12 years of age). Once this period is over, it is more difficult to learn a language because language functions in the brain have become concrete. This hypothesis can be seen with the case of Genie, a woman who was isolated from human interaction and language up to the age of 13. By the time she was rescued, she was well after the critical period for language acquisition, and as such, she did not have a full command of the English language. Had she been rescued before the age of 13, she may have had more linguistic capability. However, this accounts for firs...
Nevertheless, since genie was raised in a confinement with an childhood long abuse, she never developed language acquisition required for humans to communicate to one another. They put genie in the hands of special language instructors and put her under observation to determine the rate at which her brain was funcitiong and how fast it grasped the knowledge presented to her. “Genie, like other isolated and wild children, was “in a retarded stage of development,” they wanted to know “whether a child so deprived can catch up wholly or in part”(Benzaquen, 2006, 247). Learning theorists/scientists made Genie a precious subject of research to figure out whether or not humans have the capability of language development beyond a certain critical
Language is a part of our everyday lives, and we can describe the meaning of language in many ways. As suggested in Gee and Hayes (2011, p.6 ) people can view language as something in our minds or something existing in our world in the form of speech, audio recordings, and writings or we can view language as a way of communicating with a group of people. Language can be used to express our emotions, make sense of our mental and abstract thoughts and assists us in communicating with others around us. Language is of vital importance for children to enable them to succeed in school and everyday life. Everyone uses both oral and written language. Language developed as a common ability amongst human beings with the change
Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.
Language is the basis of human communication. It is a cultural and social interaction, and the way language is used is influenced by the circumstances in which it takes place (Emmitt, 2010, p. 49; Green, 2006, p. 2). Children become aware that there are different types of language, including languages used at home, at childcare and at school, as they observe and participate in various language situations (Fellowes & Oakley, 2014, p. 39). Some of these languages may be unfamiliar, and children will need to learn the different roles and uses of language. The different roles of language in a child’s life are, therefore, part of their growing understanding of how to behave in society and in a particular context. As they experience different types and uses of language, children develop an understanding of how to use language appropriately for any given situation.