Introduction
Margarines, hydrogenated oils and fats, refined vegetable oils, as well as animal fats are widely used fat ingredients for bakery products. The lipid fraction of bakery products undergoes a significant degradation during baking, with an increase in undesirable oxidised substances, that can act acts as catalysts for further oxidative reactions during storage reducing the product shelf life (Caponio, Giarnetti, Paradiso, Summo & Gomes, 2013, pg.82-88). Depending on the type used, fats play various roles in baked products. Their hydrophobic action inhibits gluten development; the extent of this inhibition is determined by the type, temperature, and amount of fat used, as well as by the method of incorporation (McWilliams, 2012, p.409). Functional roles of fats in baked products include color, flavor, texture, and tenderness.
Fat is a major ingredient in pasty and often is included in weights that are about half of the weight of the flour. However, the cutting in of the fat until it is moderately coarse particles results in its very inefficient use as a tenderizing ingredient. All of the fat on the interior of each piece is unavailable to interfere with gluten development. This explains why pastry often is fairly tough despite the large amount of fat it contains (McWilliams, 2012, p.271). Gluten provides dough with elasticity and the ability to stretch, as the leavening agent produces carbon dioxide, which enables the dough to rise effectively. The more protein in the flour (as in the case with hard flour), the more gluten is usually formed. (Perego, Sordi, Guastalli, & Converti, 2007, p.649-657). Fat gives pastries the flakiness that is highly desirable. Flakiness is a result of the gluten in the pastry has been denat...
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...rom ‘not at all flaky’ and ‘very flaky’
References
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Caponio, F., Giarnetti, M., Paradiso, V. M., Summo, C., & Gomes, T. (2013).
Potential use of extra virgin olive oil in bakery products rich in fats: A comparative study with refined oils. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 48(1), 82-88.
McWilliams, M. (2012). Foods experimental perspectives (7th ed.). Prentice Hall: Boston.
Perego, P., Sordi, A., Guastalli, R., & Converti, A. (2007). Effects of changes in ingredient composition on the rheological properties of a biscuit industry dough. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 42(6), 649-657.
Wassell, P., & Young, N.W.G. (2007). Food applications of trans fatty acid substitutes. International Journey of Food Science & Technology, 42, 503-517.
Well, frying anything is hardly part of the Mediterranean Diet. In the end, it really all depends on what and how you are going to fry, but generally the answer, without thinking about your diet, is “yes.” Most of the alternative and inferior oils that claim to be healthier for frying have actually been put through a chemical treatment to strip obvious defects and produce a neutral flavor. Processing is always a bad idea. Of course, if you are frying and calories aren’t really a problem, extra virgin olive oil has a great taste that will most likely complement whatever you’re
Refer to Chemistry Lab # 2 – Investigating Changes. No changes have been made in this experiment. Methods = == ==
Monounsaturated fats have a single carbon-to-carbon double bond resulting in two fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fat and are responsible in keepings monounsaturated fats liquid at room temperature. Some sources of monounsaturated fats are olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, avocado oil and most nut oils, as well as high-oleic safflower and sunflower oils. A study carried out in the
The first factor for the rising number of gluten-free individuals, which is likely the leading cause of the increase, is due to the exponentially growing number of people with a gluten-related allergy. The current s...
Food advertisements, supermarket displays, and restaurant menus increasingly highlight foods, particularly bread, as being gluten-free. Gluten consists of two proteins, gliadin and glutamine, which combine and help produce light and fluffy bread (Lord, 2012). Wheat is bred for its high gluten content which serves efficiently well for all bakers and chefs. Today, gluten is becoming a problem in society since allergic reactions to the protein have increased. Bread is a worldwide staple food and gluten is a predominant aspect within the dough mixture. Gluten free bread is basically fixed as it was thousands of years ago without the fermentation of yeast and the mixture of sourdough.
The thickening property of alginate is useful in sauces and in syrups and toppings for ice cream. By thickening pie fillings with alginate, softening of the pastry by liquid from the filling is reduced. Addition of alginate can make icings non-sticky and allow the baked goods to be covered with plastic wrap. Water-in-oil emulsions such as mayonnaise and salad dressings are less likely to separate into their original oil and water phases if thickened with alginate. Sodium alginate is not useful when the emulsion is acidic, because insoluble alginic acid forms; for these applications propylene glycol alginate (PGA) is used since this is stable in mild acid conditions. Alginate improves the texture, body and sheen of yoghurt, but PGA is also used
Food additives are substances that are added to food to enhance it; they can be both chemical and natural ("Food Additives: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"). Recently many food additives have been questioned by both the public and scientists world wide. One example of the food additives that have been studied is sodium stearoyl lactylate. It has recently been looked at due to indications that it might be unsafe for consumption. In this essay a couple main points and questions will be explained; what is sodium stearoyl lactylate, what are its effects both positive and negative, what are some indirect effects SSL has on society, is it ethical to use, and if sodium stearoyl lactylate safe for human consumption.
The research was in response to the knowledge that there were very many crusts leftovers after company meeting where pizza was served as the main refreshment. The management first thought that there was something wrong with the crust but through some evaluation, it was realized that the employees were avoiding the carbohydrates inherent in the grain-based foundation of the pizza.
Triglycerides are the main ingredients of vegetable oil. In that case, they are usually more unsaturated. They are also found animal fats. They are typically more saturated in animal fats. Triglycerides are also a major component of human skin oils.
Many natural preservatives like salt and sugar are often used in preserving canned fruits, processed meats as well as various types of canned or jarred vegetables whereas chemical preservatives like benzoic acid and sorbets are used to prevent the growth of microorganism. Most recent preservatives i.e. artificial preservatives revolutionized the food industry in term of flavor, quality and storage. Food manufacturers use an array of food preservatives to keep food fresh and stable, as well as to extend shelf life and prevent natural
Firmness (hardness) is an important aspect of fish quality as opposed to tenderness which is appreciated in meat consumption. (Chéret et al., 2007). Texture profile analysis (TPA) was carried out to determinate the effect of formulated by adding 10% (soybean flour (SF) (S), 10% SF+1% pectin (M) and control (C) samples on the texture of fish products. The values for textural characteristics of fish finger samples prepared from minced common carp fish are given in (Table7). The hardness is related to the strength of gel structure under compression and is the peak force during first compression cycle (Chandra and Shamasundar, 2014). Hardness of the fish finger samples M (9.44) was highest followed by fish finger samples S (7.77) and fish finger samples C (6.69). Similarly, a positive correlation between hardness and pectin content in pear was observed (Ying et al., 2011). Cohesiveness is defined as the ratio of the positive force area during the second compression to that of the first compression. It may be measured as the rate at which the material is disintegrated under mechanical action. Tensile strength is manifestation of cohesiveness. The cohesiveness indicates the ability of the product to hold together
For several years the FDA has required food manufacturers to label anything that contains more than .5 grams of trans fat as such (Assaf 328). Many restaurants have independently and voluntarily eliminated trans fats from their products without request from the government (Assaf 329). The HHS and USDA released as set of dietary guideli...
value of 0.6. Each dry ingredient also has a value. Ingredients like flour and almond paste have a
Emulsions are important in food science. Not only do they provide an important sensory aspect in many foods, but a functional one as well. From hollandaise to ice cream, getting hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules to play nice with each other can be a difficult task. According to Modern Cuisine, it was previously thought that Hollandaise, a classic French emulsion of egg and butter, could only be made by letting butter drip from natural heat of the hand. Of course, modern science has taught us that, with the use of emulsifiers, these mystic mixtures can be created without the voodoo and magic once thought necessary. This paper will discuss emulsions as applied to hollandaise, chocolate, hot dogs and their characteristic pH, moisture content, shelf stability and quality of viscosity. An explanation of the chemical processes that occur between the raw ingredients of each food and the relationship between the structure and function of their components will be explained, as well as the importance of the chemical changes that take place during production. The characteristics that define these foods as emulsions will be compared and contrasted to further elucidate the mystery of the emulsion. Bon Appetite!
Food Preservatives are added to food to reduce the decomposition period. Although some food preservatives are naturally found in some of Earths fruits, vegetables, and beans, many food preservatives are man-made chemicals and toxins to extend the life of food to an unnatural level. MedX India researched on how “Substances that are added to food items in order to inhibit, retard, or arres...