Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (feline HCM) in Maine Coons is a very serious myocardial disorder that often leads to sudden death due to heart failure. The Maine Coon (American Longhair) is the largest and oldest natural breed of domestic cat in North America with a distinct appearance with a lion-like ruff and a tail that resembles a raccoon’s and is good at hunting. HCM is when “a primary structural disorder of the myocardium; characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy… no symptoms to sustained palpitations, heart failure and sudden cardiac death” (2013). This is caused by a mutation of P.A31P in the cMyBP-C (myosin binding protein C) gene and these being the first non-human cases “feline familial HCM provides a valuable model …show more content…
Meaning that MC’s are more inclined to have the mutation through fHCM in the protein gene responsible for regulating a the contracting of the heart “ cMyBP-C protein plays a regulatory role in the sarcomere of cardiomyocytes and is involved in regulation of cardiac contractility” (2013). The test cases in each of the articles show relatively similar results and use many of the same methods with variation in the amount of MC cats used. Cardiac tissue samples from Cat A and Cat B, with the permission from their owners, were part of a study at the University of Copenhagen (2013). The A sample was positive and the B sample was negative and both were studied by an ultrasound (2-D) and cardiac cycles (M-mode) “Cat A was a 36-month-old male homozygous for the p.A31P mutation, with a mild HCM phenotype. Cat B was 16 months old, mutation negative queen, with no clinical signs of HCM… examined by 2-D and M-mode echocardiography” (2013). The results from samples from A and B was the presence of proline (unimportant amino acid that appear in proteins) at the cMyBP-C protein for cat A but not for cat B (2013). The samples found that the p.A31P mutation does not seem to lead to the cause of
Else RW, Holmes JR. Cardiac pathology in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 1972; 4(1): 1-8.
4. Right Ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) – In a normal heart, the left ventricle has a rather thicker wall than the right due to the fact that it has to pump oxygenated blood to the body as opposed to the right ventricle which only needs to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs. However, Tetralogy of Fallot causes an enlargement of the right ventricular muscle due to the pulmonary stenosis in the pulmonary
This is induced by the sliding of the cardiac myofibril. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, also known as HCM, is a type of heart disease that affects the Cardiac Muscles and Cardiac Muscle cells. This disease occurs if the Cardiac Muscle cells enlarge, which causes the wall of the heart’s ventricles (most often the left ventricle) to thicken. It can also cause stiffness in the ventricles, as well as mitral valve and cellular changes. On a cellular level, HCM can cause the cells to become disorganised and lost.
Weyman, A. E., & Scherrer-Crosbie, M. (2004). Marfan syndrome and mitral valve prolapse. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 114(11), 1543-6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200501268?accountid=158514
“Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare cardiac anomaly that occurs in approximately one in 20,000 live births and accounts for less than 1% of all congenital heart disease (Ebstein’s anomaly in adults)”. The goal of this paper is to examine Ebstein’s Anomaly - to understand what it is, how it affects the heart, possible presenting symptoms, and other possible complications associated with this anomaly. Diagnosis of this anomaly is key in treating patients, thus echocardiographic as well as other test modalities are vital in assessing what the treatment options are available, as well as discerning what the prognosis may be. Advancing test modalities have helped distinguish Ebstein’s Anomaly with other differential diagnoses. Developments with testing modalities coupled with comprehensive calculations, formulas, and measurements have facilitated correctly diagnosing, and therefore properly treating cardiac patients.
“Hypoplastic left heart syndrome accounts for 9% of all critically ill newborns with congenital cardiac disease, causing the largest number of cardiac deaths in the first year of life.(2) ” HLHS is a severe heart defect that is present at birth. HLHS combines different defects that result in an underdeveloped left side of the heart. This syndrome is one of the most challenging and difficult to manage of all of the congenital heart defects. Multiple portions on the left side of the heart are affected including the left ventricle, the mitral and aortic valve, and the ascending aorta. These structures are greatly reduced in size, or completely nonexistent causing the functionality of the left heart to be reduced, or non-functional all together.
Cardiomyopathy, by definition, means the weakening of the heart muscle. The heart is operated by a striated muscle that relies on the autonomic nervous system to function. Cardiomyopathy is diagnosed in four different ways based on what caused the illness and exactly what part of the heart is weakened. The four main types of cardiomyopathy are dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. One other category of cardiomyopathy that is diagnosed is “unclassified cardiomyopathy.” Unclassified cardiomyopathy is the weakening of the heart that does not fit into the main four categories.
Heart disease is one of the most common causes of the mortality and morbidity in most well developed countries. They come in different forms such as stroke and other cardiovascular diseases and it’s the number one cause of death in the state of America. In the year 2011 alone nearly 787,000 people were killed as a result of this epidemic. And this included Hispanic, Africans, whites and Americans. As for the Asian Americans or pacific Islanders, American Indians and the natives of Alaska, the concept to them was a second only to cancer. However, statistics has proved that a person gets heart attack every 34 seconds and in every 60 seconds, someone dies out of it which include other related event. Additionally, majority of the women are the
...ape formation, movement of cardiac progenitor cells, heart tube, and heart function. A novel development of more specific assays, advance genetic screen efforts will provide new knowledge on cardiac development in the following years. Additionally, because of the zebrafish distinct features and its similarities to vertebrae, the zebrafish might become many researchers preferred model organism to study many mammal organs. Recently, the zebrafish has been used to study mechanisms that cause human cardiac and liver diseases and to model human hereditary and developed cardiac diseases. Due to the increase in sequencing efforts, the developing interest to study human liver and cardiac diseases. Also, the increase of resource and the more availability of the zebrafish model used in clinical and basic researchers involved in studying the liver, as well as cardiac diseases
According to “Heart Disease and Marfan Syndrome” (n.d.) Marfan syndrome is caused by a change in the gene that controls how the body makes fibrillin, a part of connective tissue that contributes to its elasticity and strength. It is also stated that Marfan syndrome is mostly inherited from a parent, but 1 in 4 cases occurs when the patient has no known family history of the disease. To add, the condition occurs
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome may be generated through various genetic mutations. As mentioned before, there are four genes that can cause this condition to be brought about in an individual. The most frequent mutation of these is the BRAF gene, because it is responsible for approximately 75 to 80 percent of each case of the syndrome. The two genes, MEK1 and MEK2, are very much alike and together are the result of 10 to 15 percent of ...
Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in the United States. It is responsible for one in four deaths every year, about 600,000 mortalities. This disease affects men and women, as well as every ethnic group. Coronary artery disease is the most common cardiovascular disease, representing approximately 400,000 deaths per year of the aforementioned 600,000 total deaths from cardiovascular diseases as a whole. In 2010 alone, coronary artery disease cost the United States $108.9 billion for health care services, medication, and lost productivity. These chilling statistics, published every year by the American Medical Association, demonstrate the immediate need for new and innovative ways to prevent, detect, and treat coronary heart disease. This paper will explore the molecular biology behind the disease while explaining the current treatments and prevention that are available today, why they work and what can be done to improve them.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited disease that affects the cardiac muscle of the heart, causing the walls of the heart to thicken and become stiff. [1] On a cellular level, the sarcomere increase in size. As a result, the cardiac muscles become abnormally thick, making it difficult for the cells to contract and the heart to pump. A genetic mutation causes the myocytes to form chaotic intersecting bundles. A pathognomonic abnormality called myocardial fiber disarray. [2,12] How the hypertrophy is distributed throughout the heart is varied. Though, in most cases, the left ventricle is always affected. [3] The heart muscle can thicken in four different patterns. The most common being asymmetrical septal hypertrophy without obstruction. Here the intraventricular septum becomes thick, but the mitral valve is not affected. Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy with obstruction causes the mitral valve to touch the septal wall during contraction. (Left ventricle outflow tract obstruction.) The obstruction of the mitral valve allows for blood to slowly flow from the left ventricle back into the left atrium (Mitral regurgitation). Symmetrical hypertrophy is the thickening of the entire left ven...
Just as breast cancer is killing our African American women, heart disease is also one of the major diseases killing our women. Heart disease is one of the nation’s leading causes of death in both woman and men. About 600,000 people die of heart disease in the United States (Americas heart disease burden, 2013). Some facts about heart disease are every year about 935,000 Americans have a heart attack. Of these, 610,000 are a first heart attack victim. 325,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack. Also coronary heart disease alone costs the United States $108.9 billion each year. This total includes the cost of health care services, medications, and loss of productivity. Deaths of heart disease in the United States back in 2008 killed about 24.5% of African Americans.
Genetics & Personalized Medicine. (2013). University of Ottawa Heart Institute. Retrieved on February 3, 2014 from: http://www.ottawaheart.ca/research_discovery/genetics-personalized-medicine.htm