Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mitral Valve Prolapse is a common heart valve abnormality and is the cause of mitral regurgitation. The flaps of the valve are “floppy” and don’t close tightly allowing the blood to flow backward in your heart. The affect is that blood can’t move through the heart or to the rest of your body as efficiently, making you feel tired and out of breath.
History of Mitral Valve Prolapse
The condition was first described by John Brereton Barlow in 1966, a world renowned South African cardiologist. He was Professor of Cardiology in the research unit at Johannesburg Hospital where he carried out studies on cardiac disorders discovering the cause of the mitral valve disorder, also referred to as Barlow's Syndrome (Tsung O, Cheng 5 March 1995).
What is Mitral Valve Prolapse
The normal Mitral Valve controls blood flow between the upper (left atrium) and lower chamber (left ventricle) of the left side of the heart. The mitral valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle, but not flow the other way. With each heartbeat, the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles. The flaps of the mitral and tricuspid valves open to let blood through. Then, the ventricles contract to pump the blood out of the heart. The flaps of the mitral and tricuspid valves close and form a tight seal that prevents blood from flowing back into the atria (nhlbi.nih.gov).
When MVP occurs, the left ventricle contracts, one or both flaps of the mitral valve flop or bulge back (prolapse) in the left atrium, this prevents the valve from forming a tight seal. As a result, blood may leak back into the atrium which is referred to as regurgitation (nhlbi.nih.gov).
Symptom...
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Nishimura, R. A., & McGoon, M. D. (1999). Editorial: Perspectives on mitral-valve prolapse. The New England Journal of Medicine, 341(1), 48-50. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/223939414?accountid=158514
Rezaian, G. R., & Ali, E. (2001). Mitral valve prolapse in patients with pure rheumatic mitral stenosis: An angiographic study. Angiology, 52(4), 267-71. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/224851069?accountid=158514
Wand, O., Prokupetz, A., Grossman, A., & Assa, A. (2011). Natural history of mitral valve prolapse in military aircrew. Cardiology, 118(1), 50-4. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000324313
Weyman, A. E., & Scherrer-Crosbie, M. (2004). Marfan syndrome and mitral valve prolapse. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 114(11), 1543-6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200501268?accountid=158514
“Hypoplastic left heart syndrome accounts for 9% of all critically ill newborns with congenital cardiac disease, causing the largest number of cardiac deaths in the first year of life.(2) ” HLHS is a severe heart defect that is present at birth. HLHS combines different defects that result in an underdeveloped left side of the heart. This syndrome is one of the most challenging and difficult to manage of all of the congenital heart defects. Multiple portions on the left side of the heart are affected including the left ventricle, the mitral and aortic valve, and the ascending aorta. These structures are greatly reduced in size, or completely nonexistent causing the functionality of the left heart to be reduced, or non-functional all together.
The blood circulates through coronary arteries and then to smaller vessels into cardiac muscle (myocardium). The blood flow is influenced by aortic pressure, which increases in systole, and the pumping activity of the ventricles. When the ventricle contracts, in systole, the coronary vessels are compressed by the contracted myocardium and partly blocked by the open aortic valve therefore the blood flow through the myocardium stops.
The Burden of the disease is high with a prevalence of 3.4% 2. With the progressive nature of the disease and the increased severity of the symptoms made the surgery the gold standard for symptomatic AS patients ,however up to 30% of cases are considered too high risk for classical valve replacement surgery and remain untreated and experiencing poor prognosis . Fortunately , with the introduction of TAVR its offer a valuable option for the inoperable or at high risk of surgery patients3..the annual eligible candidate for this procedure expected to be 27,000 in 19 European countries and North America according to recent meta-analysis an...
The heart is a pump made of muscle tissue. The heart has four pumping chambers: two upper chambers, called atria, and two lower chambers, called ventricles. To keep the blood flowing forward during its journey through the heart, there are valves between each of the heart's pumping chambers. These valves are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonary valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta (Surgery: What to Expect – Heart Valve Replacement.
The heart is two sided and has four chambers and is mostly made up of muscle. The heart’s muscles are different from other muscles in the body because the heart’s muscles cannot become tired, so the muscle is always expanding and contacting. The heart usually beats between 60 and 100 beats per minute. In the right side of the heart, there is low pressure and its job is to send red blood cells. Blood enters the right heart through a chamber which is called right atrium. The right atrium is another word for entry room. Since the atrium is located above the right ventricle, a mixture of gravity and a squeeze pushes tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The tricuspid is made up of three things that allow blood to travel from top to bottom in the heart but closes to prevent the blood from backing up in the right atrium.
According to Abbott, “Mitral Regurgitation is the most common type of heart valve insufficiency in the United States.” The prefered treatment for mitral regurg is with open heart surgery to replace the insufficient valve. However for many patients, surgery is not an option due to their age, and underlying health conditions. Doctors started to look for a new way to help treat patients with mitral regurg. One that could be performed non invasively, without surgery. Thus the mitraclip was born! To help you,the reader get a better understanding about mitral regurgitation allow me to explain to you what that is. I’ll also explain to you how mitral regurgitation is treated, what a mitraclip is,contraindications for use, potential complications, set up of the mitraclip, and how the mitraclip is deployed.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited disease that affects the cardiac muscle of the heart, causing the walls of the heart to thicken and become stiff. [1] On a cellular level, the sarcomere increase in size. As a result, the cardiac muscles become abnormally thick, making it difficult for the cells to contract and the heart to pump. A genetic mutation causes the myocytes to form chaotic intersecting bundles. A pathognomonic abnormality called myocardial fiber disarray. [2,12] How the hypertrophy is distributed throughout the heart is varied. Though, in most cases, the left ventricle is always affected. [3] The heart muscle can thicken in four different patterns. The most common being asymmetrical septal hypertrophy without obstruction. Here the intraventricular septum becomes thick, but the mitral valve is not affected. Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy with obstruction causes the mitral valve to touch the septal wall during contraction. (Left ventricle outflow tract obstruction.) The obstruction of the mitral valve allows for blood to slowly flow from the left ventricle back into the left atrium (Mitral regurgitation). Symmetrical hypertrophy is the thickening of the entire left ven...
The pattern of blood flow starts in the left atrium to right atrium, then into the left ventricle and right ventricle. During its course, blood flows through the mitral and tricuspid valves. Simultaneously, the right atrium is granted blood from the veins through the superior and inferior vena cava. The job of the superior vena cava is to transport de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium. When your heart beats, the first beat represents the AV valves closing to prevent the backflow of blood into the atrium.
The heart serves as a powerful function in the human body through two main jobs. It pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body and “blood vessels called coronary arteries that carry oxygenated blood straight into the heart muscle” (Katzenstein and Pinã, 2). There are four chambers and valves inside the heart that “help regulate the flow of blood as it travels through the heart’s chambers and out to the lungs and body” (Katzenstein Pinã, 2). Within the heart there is the upper chamber known as the atrium (atria) and the lower chamber known as the ventricles. “The atrium receive blood from the lu...
Yang, J., Teehan, D., Farioli, A., Baur, D., Smith, D., & Kales, S. N. (2013). Sudden Cardiac Death Among Firefighters £45 Years of Age in the United States. American Journal of Cardiology, 1962-1967.
the aortic valve, between the left ventricle and the aorta. heart_chambers.jpg Each valve has a set of "flaps" (also called leaflets or cusps). The mitral valve normally has two flaps; the others have three flaps. Dark bluish blood, low in oxygen, flows back to the heart after circulating through the body. It returns to the heart through veins and enters the right atrium.
Patients at an increased risk of developing mitral stenosis include patients that have had rheumatic fever, patients with diabetes, Women, Elderly patients, patients with Atherosclerosis, Endocarditis, and patient with Marfan’s disease.
It begins at the right atrium. Blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, then it moves through the tricuspid valve. After the tricuspid valve, blood enters the right ventricle which then leads to another valve called the pulmonary semilunar valve. From the pulmonary semilunar valve, blood enters the pulmonary trunk which branches off into the right and left pulmonary arteries. From the pulmonary arteries, the blood enters the lungs and undergoes a gas exchange in the alveoli. After gas exchange has occurred, oxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. From the left atrium, blood runs through the bicuspid valve. From the bicuspid valve, the blood enters the left ventricle and is pumped through a fourth valve, the aortic semilunar valve, and courses through the aortic arch. From the aortic arch, the blood rushes down the descending aorta and runs through the celiac trunk. Said trunk branches off into 3 arteries, one being the common hepatic artery. From the common hepatic artery, blood branches off to the right hepatic and cystic arteries. It is the latter that ultimately supplies the
Valve thrombosis is a rare but very serious complication of mechanical heart valve prostheses that can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of Mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis ranges from 0.3% and 1.3% per patient-year depending on the type of anticoagulation used and adherence to therapy (1, 2). The severity of clinical presentation depends on the presence or absence of obstruction (3). Our patient presented with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV heart failure, hemodynamically significant murmur and evidence of immobile valve leaflet on fluoroscopy. The goals of management of in managing PVT are to remove the thrombus, preserve normal valve function and prevent embolization (4). Management of PVT is controversial but therapeutic options include surgery, fibrinolysis and anticoagulation with choice of therapy depending on size of thrombus, presence of valve obstruction, valve location and clinical status of the patient (5). Current guidelines rely on expert opinion and limited data from case series, retrospective cohorts and non-randomized studies due to absence of randomized clinical trials to guide therapeutic strategies for PVT.
Every year, thousands people get heart valve replacements for various health reasons. There are multiple options for replacement valves that can generally be put into two categories, mechanical and biological. One of the mechanical options from the 1970s and 1980s was the Bjork-Shiley valve, which became infamous because of the controversy surrounding its stress fracture failures. These failures resulted the death of about 400 people, causing the value to be taken off the market. Using various ethical standpoints, the decisions made surrounding this issue must be examine so that an incident like this will not occur in the future. Ultimately, the FDA should require either third party or FDA in-house testing in order to ensure the safety of a