Humans have been studying eye movements for many years now. The first recorded person to publish studies that contributed to the field of eye tracking was Louis Émile Javal [1, 2] in 1878, roughly a century before computers started becoming commonly used. Javal observed human eye movement while reading and was the first to observe that eyes make a combination of rapid movements (which he called saccades) and short stops (which he called fixations). Javal conducted this experiment without the assistance of any instruments, using only his naked eye. Psychologist Raymond Dodge and his student T.S. Cline developed the first camera-based technique for registering eye movement in 1901 [3]. They used a falling plate camera (also referred to as a photo-chronograph) to measure light reflected from the cornea. However, their method required the subject’s head to be motionless and was only capable of recording horizontal eye movement. Only a few years later, motion picture photography was applied to record eye movement. This technique was useful because it allowed for a frame-by-frame analysis of the eye’s movement allowing for quantitative research on a solid basis**. During the 1930’s Miles Tinker [4] conduced comprehensive studies on eye movement in reading using photographic techniques to record data. He tested the effects that variables such as font, typeface, font size, and layout had on the speed of reading and the patterns of eye movement. In 1947 Paul Fitts [5], who later became famous for his Fitts Law, began using motion picture cameras to study the movements of pilots’ eyes as they were landing airplanes. His area of interest was their eye movement when using cockpit controls and instruments. Fitts’ study was the first ap... ... middle of paper ... ...zing a gesture and then using them as a unique input. Making a gesture consists of moving the pointing device in a designated pattern in a designated amount of time. Gestures could be used to input a command such as “save document” or “new document.” Using eye tracking as a input device in human-computer interaction is proving to be extremely useful to severely disabled users. Users in this category may only be capable of controlling their eyes, and are in need of a method to communicate. Using eye tracking as a pointing and gesture input device, users in this category are able to use computer interfaces and communicate in ways that was never before possible. Disabled users are able to make selections and even type text through the use of a keyboard display using dwell time as a selector, or through the use of a set of gestures corresponding to the alphabet.
Marr, D. (1976). Early processing of visual information. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London Ser. B, 275, 483-524.
5) Use of an Eye-Operated Eyegaze Communication System in Locked-In Syndrome, by: James E. Chapman, M.D.
“The camera may be thought of as a comparable to the eye. The difference is
...e in eye movement in FTD patients through an additional type of study. This involves FTD patients and normal patients in front of television monitors while researchers record their eye movements. They show things such as pictures on the monitor and ask questions about them to the patients. This can help identify the mental decline before the first symptoms begin.People hope that with all this research,a cure will be found soon.
Ulric Neisser in 1964 created his study of Visual Search for the purposes of developing cognitive psychology. The aim of his experiment was to see whether round or angular letters affected one’s ability to locate a letter “Z” (Neisser, 1964). His method was to first ask a person to scan a list (consisting of fifty items) to find a specific target. The list was computer generated, each list either a set of round letters or angular letters with the letter “Z” randomly mixed in. The subject peered through a window onto a box with the list inside. Then he illuminated the list and started the timer. After the subject scanned the list and found the target, he turned the timer off. The results were that it took the subjects less time to find the letter “Z” in the set of round letters instead of the angular letters. He did not specify the age of his participants or the time of day that each subject took the test.
Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures (2nd ed.). New York, New York: Guilford Press.
Tavassoli, A. V., Linde, I. V. D., Bovik, A. and Cormack, L. (2009). Eye movements selective for spatial frequency and orientation during active visual search. Vision research, 49 (2), 173-181.
Many of us take our vision for granted. We seem to accurately use our properties of vision with little effort or thinking at all. At times we often see things with our eyes and wonder how can this be possible?
Nordqvist, Joseph. "What Is Rapid Eye Movement?" Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 17 July 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
Visual sign systems are very important in our culture; so much of the communication in our society is based on visual signs, both verbal and nonverbal.
In the article The Neuroscience of Making Eye Contact, Bergland says, “the ability to optimize the focus of your gaze can help you succeed in sports and life. The lack or movement in a three-dimensional space and human interactions causes the cerebellum to atrophy and impairs its function” (Bergland, 2014). She will attend more group sessions to hear and interact main ideas on the topic, practicing her eye-to-eye contact with them. She will also practice it during lecture while the professor is teaching. This will enhance her eye communication skill because practice reaps better rewards, such as being
In the process of human infants’ development, infants start to learn how to communicate with the others at the surprising early age, for example: Newborns can follow objects to make saccades to peripheral targets (Farroni et al., 2004);Infants’ responding eye gaze behaviour increase constantly since two months old (Scaife & Bruner, 1975); Cooper and Aslin pointed out that this preference showed up as early as the infants were one month old in 1990. Infants not only can respond to eye contact, vocal cues also are used for gaining more reference information during a communication, particularly when the speech is conducted forward to the infants. It had been reported in many studies that infants show more preference to infant-directed communication
...erful, intuitive and accessible to blind users." Amovil. 20 Nov 2013: n. page. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. .
Blakslee, S. (1993, August 31). The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from www.nytimes.com: http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/31/science/seeing-and-imagining-clues-to-the-workings-of-the-mind-s-eye.html
The mouse motion can be slowed down for better control. The toolbar can be created to suit the children's needs. However if this is not suitable there are many peripherals and devices, which can support children with SEN, but not all are appropriate for everyone. For those children with a physical disability a variety of switches, optical pointers, voice controlled devices and word prediction software has been designed to overcome the problems these children have using traditional input devices such as the mouse and keyboard.