Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Factors affecting working memory
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Factors affecting working memory
Although, it may sound easy to be able to determine if a Gabor patch is tilted to the left or the right as it quickly flashes on the screen, it is not really that easy. Past researchers have conducted how working memory may affect a person’s ability to complete tasks. Other literature reviews include, how the human visual system tracks changes and notice differences in stimuli. Lastly, earlier literature on humans who have completed a similar task to the participants in this study, which involves studying Gabor patches. The first study, done by Socchia, Cicchini, and Triesch (2012) examines their participants working memory to see if there is a relationship on how an object is positioned.
Socchia, et al. (2012), conducted two different experiments to see if there was any relationship between orientation of an object and working memory. For the first experiment, the participants had two separate tasks to complete. In the first task, the participants were shown a Gabor patch to memorize and then had to correctly remember the position (Socchia, Cicchini, & Triesch, 2012). The purpose of the second task was for participants had to carefully look at the stimuli and notice any changes. Researchers found the participants were able to perform the task sufficiently (Socchia, et al., 2012). The reason for conducting the following experiment was to see if the first experiment was affected by the participant’s cognition (Socchia, et al., 2012). Researchers, had recruited new participants and changed the look of the stimulus. For the second task, the participants had to use their left hand to indicate when the Gabor patch changed in contrast (Socchia, et al., 2012, p. 52). The results of the second experiment were close to the results of the...
... middle of paper ...
...ts of Tilt Adaptation. Seeing and perceiving, 24 (1), 37-51.
Lapid, E., Ulrich, R. and Rammsayer, T. (2009). Comparisons of Two Variants of the Method of Constant Stimuli for Estimating Difference Thresholds. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 68 (4), 2009, 189-192.
Salmela, V. R. and Saarinen, J. (2013). Detection of small orientation changes and the precision of visual working memory. Vision research, 76 17-24.
Scocchia, L., Cicchini, G. M., Triesch, J. (2013). What’s “up”? Working memory contents can bias orientation processing. Vision research, 78 (2013), 46-55.
Tavassoli, A. V., Linde, I. V. D., Bovik, A. and Cormack, L. (2009). Eye movements selective for spatial frequency and orientation during active visual search. Vision research, 49 (2), 173-181.
Westheimer, G. (1998). Lines and Gabor Functions Compared as Spatial Visual Stimuli. Vision Research, 38 (4), 487-491
The thresholds used to calculate each mean were not highly variable between trials. The data recorded over each trial were highly consistent between one another, except for a slight deviation in the measurements recorded on the palm of the hand. During ascending trial three on the palm, the results deviated from the norm in reference two the two prior trails. On trial one and two, 0.05 was the only measurement that was not felt. On trial three, not only was 0.05 not felt, but 0.10 was also not felt, which deviated from the norm set forth in the two prior
Sullivan, G. D., Georgeson, M. A., & Oatley, K. (1972). Channels for spatial frequency selection and detection of single bars by the human visual system. Vision Research, 12, 383-94.
..., 1994). If the extra-retinal signal is altered by the OKN signal, both the eye movement velocity and the perceived velocity alter accordingly. Other evidence does not support an optokinetic potential model, since the predicted changes to optokinetic potential were not observed when background contrast and spatial frequency were manipulated (Sumnall, Freeman & Snowden, 2003). However, the concept that stimulus characteristics which initiate reflexive eye movements could interfere with the voluntary smooth pursuit signal is interesting. The optokinetic-potential model is here considered as an extension of the classical model, since the extra-retinal origin of the pursuit estimate is maintained. Other models have questioned the purely extra-retinal nature of the pursuit speed estimate, and an alternative which includes reafferent information has been proposed.
Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Psychology. (2nd ed., p. 600). New York: Worth Pub.
The effects of perceptual load on the occurrence of inattentional blindness were demonstrated clearly by experiment. In an experiment conducted by Finch and Lavie in 2007, participants were given identical series of central cross-targets with two arms of clearly different color (blue and green) and slightly different length. Participants were split in two groups, one performing an easy task (low load condition) and the other a harder task (high load condition). The group performing the easiest task only had to make color discrimination between the tw...
In one condition the participant had three cards placed in front of them and they had to switch between three card sorting rules just like in the original paper version of the WCST. In another condition they started to increase the amount of information that had to be processed by adding another card to the set which is called a fourth viable task. The first study was conducted with twenty-five undergrad students that didn’t have any history of neurological and psychiatric disabilities they were grouped by the age range of 18 to 33 every participant had normal or corrected to normal vision. They sat about a foot and a half away from the monitor, then the professors placed about 24 stimulus cards on that varied in color, shape, number, and shading (filled, empty, dotted, hatched). The use of so many different cards is necessary for a sensitive scoring of error scores, it allows determining which rule has been chosen by the examinee. “The number of viable task rules was varied as the central manipulation of this study. In the three-rule condition, one of the four rules was inactive for the participant (i.e., the participant was told that there were only three viable task rules and responses to the fourth rule never resulted in positive feedback).” (Lange
In conclusion, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed the working memory in response to the multi store model and introduced four mechanisms involved; the phonological loop, visual-spaital sketchpad, episodic buffer and the central executive. The four components are also largely supported by a good wealth of evidence (in Smith, 2007).
Schacter, D. L., & Slotnik, S. D. (2004). The cognitive neuroscience of memory distortion. Neuron, 44, 149-160.
Sajda P. & Finkle, L.H. (1995) Intermediate Visual Representations and the Construction of Surface Perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 267-291.
In the mental rotation task, subjects are pre- sented with pairs of 2-D or 3-D shapes, and asked whether they are mirrored or non- mirrored.
Muller, N. G., Bartelt, O. A., Donner, T. H., Villringer, A. & Brandt, S. A. (2003). A physiological correlate of the “zoom lens” of visual attention. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(9): 3561-3565.
Donovan, W. L. & Leavitt, L. A. (1980). Physiologic correlates of direct and averted gaze. Biological Psychology, 10, 189-199.
Weiner, I. Healy, A. Freedheim, D. Proctor,R.W., Schinka,J.A. (2003) Handbook of Psychology: Experimental psychology,18, pp 500
Zaki, S. R., Nosofsky, R. M., Stanton, R. D., & Cohen, A. L. (2003). Prototype and exemplar accounts of category learning and attentional allocation: a reassessment. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 29(6), 1160-73. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1160