Extraction Of Iron
Iron, perhaps the most important element to all civilization is also one of earth's most abundant. Like the majority of metal ores, iron ores are not pure compounds. Rather, most iron ore compounds are polluted with sand, rock and silica.
The process of extracting iron involves a number of steps.
The first step to concentrate the iron ore and remove its contents of silica.
To further remove any existing impurities, a complex process takes place in a blast furnace. The charge is where materials are placed into the blast furnace. These materials are: Ore, Limestone and Coke.
A burst of hot, oxygen enriched air is blown into the air-blast nozzle located at the near bottom
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The heat generated by this reaction increases the bottom of the furnace to a temperature near 19000° C. This reaction is represented in a chemical equation:
C(s) + O2(g) ® CO2(g) + heat
The carbon dioxide generated rises halfway up the furnace, where it reacts with the hotter coke. This causes the carbon dioxide to reduce into carbon monoxide. This reaction absorbs some heat and lowers the temperature of the upper part of the furnace to roughly 1300° C.
CO2(g) + C(s) + heat ® 2CO(g)
This carbon monoxide then reduces the iron oxide to a metallic iron, which is molten at the temperature of the reaction. This takes place in middle and upper parts of the furnace.
3CO(g) + Fe2O3(s) ® 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
The limestone in the charge is to remove any existing silica left in the enriched ore. There are two steps in this process.
The first step is heating the limestone in the furnace to produce lime, CaO. This takes place in the middle of the furnace.
CaCO3(s) ® CaO(s) + CO2(g)
The second step in this process is when the lime reacts with the silica, resulting in calcium
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The term flux refers to a substance that cause mineral impurities in an ore to melt more readily. The melting process that takes place in the furnace is called smelting. In this process of smelting, the products in the furnace are separated into layers. In this way, the molten iron is the bottom layer and molten calcium silicate is the layer above it. Being that the molten iron is more dense than the molten calcium silicate.
The calcium silicate is a kind of slag, formed in a smelting process by the lime combining with the calcium silicate. As a slag, the calcium is easily separated from the more dense molten iron. This is done simply by tapping the slag with an outlet.
When cooled, the molten iron from the blast furnace becomes pig iron. It still contains a number of impurities; Sulfur, Phosphorus and Boron.
These lower the iron's tensile strength and make it more brittle. However, it has such impurities at much lower
This book was given to me by a good friend who knew that I had an interest in Asia. I chose to read it because it was a true story and was told that it was a good read.
Due to the natural processes of magma flow, hydrothermal gradients, sedimentation, and evaporation, minerals are concentrated in various areas of the Earth’s crust. Obtaining these minerals for human use involves four general steps. • Locating the minerals • Then, extracting the minerals from the Earth in the form of ore or rock Then, processing (smelting) the ore to separate the impurities from the desired mineral. Finally, creating a useful product from the minerals. Procedure 1.
Rate of Reaction Between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid Plan: In my experiment I will measure the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. The rate of the reaction is the speed that the reaction takes place so by measuring the rate I will measure the amount of time the reaction takes. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that is found in digestive juices in the stomach, it is also used for cleaning metals before they are coated. Calcium carbonate has a few forms including chalk and limestone the main use of these two materials is in the making of concrete, which is used for many things such as buildings. When you put calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid together they react to form calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water.
I have been a snob. It is quite soft, but solid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid. like this 2 CaCO3 + 2 HCl â’ CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O. producing carbon dioxide, which is what we measured in the experiment. There are different factors affecting the rate of this reaction, such.
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Iron is called a trace mineral, but its effects are mighty. We need it to produce hemoglobin, the oxygen carrier in red blood cells that brings oxygen to the rest of the body. Iron is also needed to produce myoglobin, the oxygen reservoir in the muscle cells.
the iron ore to iron. In the other cases of metals the most common way
By adding up to 2%,of carbon it makes the steel tough and strong. Although it’s tough and strong, it is able to bend. To make sure that the metal doesn’t rust, it has a zinc coating on it. Iron is 26 on the periodic table,and considered an “transition metal,” meaning that it is ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. ... “Some other elements that are similar to iron are cobalt and nickel. They are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.” Zinc is 30 on the periodic table and it is also a transition metal like iron. “The first iron used by humans is likely to have come from meteorites.” A meteorite is a meteor that survives its passage through the earth's atmosphere such that part of it strikes the ground. More than 90 percent of meteorites are of rock, while the remainder consist wholly or partly of iron and nickel. Meteors are believed to have been from the asteroid belt of Mars and
The beginnings of modern processing of iron can be traced back to central Europe in the mid-14th century BC. Pure iron has limited use in today’s world. Commercial iron always contains small amounts of carbon and other impurities that change its physical properties, which are much improved by the further addition of carbon and other alloying elements. This helps to prevent oxidation, also known as rust.
Have you ever wondered what steel did for the country, or even the world? Well, steel had the leading roll and the greatest impact on industrial America. Steel had been used for many years, it helped American life in many ways. It also was a cheap and quality material that was built to last. Without steel the way we see the world now would be very different.
Lower quality coal is used for generating electricity. To generate electricity they burn the coal in a power plant to produce steam. The steam then travels through a turbine and generates power. The higher quality coal is used for making iron and steel. Coal is retrieved from nature by mining, either from an underground mine or from an aboveground mine. Due to the difficulty of underground mining coal from underground mines sells for more money. After the coal is mined it is processed to remove impurities from it. Lastly it is transported, “The cost of shipping coal can be more than the cost of mining it.” (US Energy Information Administration, 2013). Transportation methods include, truck, barge, train, and pipeline.
Guthrie & Frey provide an iron filter for solving several different water issues by eliminating iron, sulfur and also manganese from the water. The Iron filter of Guthrie & Frey will eliminate harmful iron along with other undesirable components from your tap water utilizing a special system which oxidizes the iron. Iron filters can remove the iron particles from the water and stop them from discoloring your sink basin or even toilet bowl, in addition to eliminating the odiferous smell that’s related to iron water.
Electrolysis Investigation Planning In this investigation, I will assess how changing the electric current in the electrolysis of acidified water affects the rate at which hydrogen gas is produced. The solution to be electrolysed is made up using acid and water. It is of little consequence what acid is used however in this case I will use Sulphuric acid (H2SO4). When H2SO4 is put in water it is dissociated and forms ions: H2SO4 → 2H (2+) + SO4 (2-) Ions are also present from the water in the solution: H2O → H (+) + OH (-) During the electrolysis process, the positive hydrogen ions move towards the cathode and the negative hydroxide and sulphate ions move towards the anode.
Coal is solid black or black brownish in color mineral formed beneath the earth through sedimentation process from remains of death plants. Geologically it takes hundred million years for the coal formation and need of heavy expenditure for the extraction process since coal can be found several feet beneath the earth. Depth of the coal reserve determines the method of coal extraction. Surface mining method is more convenient if the reserve or coal seam is less than 200 feet beneath and underground mining method is opted if the reserve lies beyond 200 feet below the surface. Surface mining involves removing of shallow coal over a broad area where the land is fairly flat. Huge dragline shovels commonly remove rocks overlying the coal (called
Steelmaking is a process in which raw materials such as iron and ferrous scrap are used to form steel. This process improves the quality of steel, giving it specific characteristics to suit the needs of diverse industries. Due to the availability, strength, and relatively inexpensive production cost, steel has become one of our world’s most valuable resources. The production of steel directly effects our lives nearly every day. Transportation on our railways, erecting buildings, manufacturing appliances and tools, canned food, and computers are just a few applications of steel in modern life.