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The case of utilitarianism
Impact of ethics and values on decision making
The case of utilitarianism
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Throughout human history, the way in which we define what is right and wrong has gone through many different transformations. The way we treat our fellow human beings has been altered by war, propaganda, racism and cultural differences. The division of land and power in the middle ages, the crusades, women’s suffrage and slavery are all derived from the ethics of particular cultures and perspectives. By looking at the ethics of previous eras and cultures, I hope to develop a particular ethical standpoint that is fair to all people of all cultures. For me, this is the standpoint that the end justifies the means, otherwise known as utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism is a life principle that I have thought about and decided upon extensively. I have never quite understood my own ethical standpoint or been able to put it into writing, until heard of utilitarianism. I believe that the values this principle stems from are most likely: being true to myself, making steadfast decisions and a small amount of greed (Which dwells within all of us instinctively (Taflinger, 1996)). Utilitarianism is a challenging standpoint, almost in the same way that socialism is a challenging standpoint between communism and capitalism. This also means that like socialism, my ethical standpoint is different from its counterparts, and so, has different effects on my life.
Being a young man, I am rarely subjected to making adverse decisions relating to morality. As I currently stand, my ethical principle has few ill effects, with most unethical acts being petty quarrels with friends and family. Also, I don’t have the life experience that allows me to decide the worth of benefits and the seriousness of various acts. This puts me in a state where my ethical principl...
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...tirement tunnel is approaching quickly, and making decisions against retiring early and being happy or continuing on and ensuring a long fulfilling retirement. These decisions may also have something to do with the value of greed, and wanting to attain wealth as a young adult.
In conclusion, humans, no matter race culture or gender, have some form of ethical principle, whether it is for better or for worse. Humans put labels on what is right and wrong in order to attempt living a fulfilling life. Our individuality through our important life stages and relationships can alter what we define as our ethical principle. Values of the person in question, life experience, childhood and social influences affect the outcome of the persons ethical principle. This ultimately results in character traits such as generous, lovable, tough and fair, that in turn make up who we are.
Utilitarianism tells us society should be ran on impartiality. Also, that in society justice cannot foreclose the sacrificing the innocent for the good of humanity. I believe in the film Gattaca the happiness or in other the words utility of utilitarianism, of the lives of those deemed invalid was sacrificed. Utilitarianism is also the basic idea that one person’s consciousness is as worthy of consideration as any others. The film Gattaca is about a world where your life is pre-determined by your D.N.A. I will further discuss how the main theme of the film Gattaca, genetic engineering’s role in society, is the root cause of natural fallacy within the new world Gattaca exhibits and does not cure the imperfect world. Then to conclude I will explain how for these same reasons genetic engineering’s use of utilitarian views is a contradiction of utilitarianism.
Pojman, L. (2002). 6: Utilitarianism. Ethics: discovering right and wrong (pp. 104-113). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Throughout the ages, philosophers across land and time have argued various perspectives describing their opinions on subjects such as virtue, duties and moral conceptions with great detail. The unfortunate case that has arisen throughout time is determining what code, belief, religion, faith, etc. has truly defined the best set of moral laws to abide by for the greater good of humanity. Even that conquest alone many would argue is unethical in the nature that it follows a utilitarian sense of direction and at what cost must be paid for the greater good. These topics will leave anyone debating the idea as to whether a solid and surefire solution can be created in order to ensure the well-being of a certain population. Contrasting feelings always arise in me as I dive deeper into the differing perspectives of various arguments and whether or not they directly oppose or coincide with the theory that is the minimum conception of morality. Cultural relativism, ethical subjectivism, the Divine Command Theory, the Natural Law theory, and ethical egoism all have similar and contrasting views that intertwine with each other while also equally having basic principles and objections towards the minimum conception of morality.
Utilitarianism is an ethical system that states that one should make moral choices based on which moral option brings the most pleasure and for the most people. This system is a consequentialist one, meaning that means or actions do not matter; only the consequences or results of one’s actions determine if the choice made was morally right or wrong. Actions and decisions can only be evaluated by the results they produce. If someone’s actions result in more pain than pleasure, then that action is determined to be a morally wrong one; if an action results in the most pleasure for the most people, then it is considered morally good. This system can be hard to apply when evaluating and weighing moral options since it is a consequentialist system;
On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb used in warfare against the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later on August 9th, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Just six days after the second atomic explosion, Japan announced its unconditional surrender to the United States after almost four years of war. Philosophers have argued that President Truman took a utilitarian point of morals when deciding to use nuclear weapons: do what is best for the largest number of people. Others say he blatantly ignored Kant’s teachings regarding the morality of attacking non-combatants. Regardless, President Truman was faced with one of the most morally difficult decisions any
The aim of utilitarianism in general is optimal happiness, which is the only intrinsic good according to Mill. More specifically, act and rule utilitarianism differ in the manner in which they asses what will yield the greatest amount of happiness. Often, one of the objections to utilitarianism is that it is overly demanding. However, this objection that the utilitarian view is too demanding is fitting for both forms of utilitarianism, according to the Fundamentals of Ethics. In the following, I will address why utilitarianism is habitually seen as overly demanding, and I will provide a defense of utilitarianism contrary to these objections.
As a philosophical approach, utilitarianism generally focuses on the principle of “greatest happiness”. According to the greatest happiness principle, actions that promote overall happiness and pleasure are considered as right practices. Moreover, to Mill, actions which enhance happiness are morally right, on the other hand, actions that produce undesirable and unhappy outcomes are considered as morally wrong. From this point of view we can deduct that utilitarianism assign us moral duties and variety of ways for maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain to ensure “greatest happiness principle”. Despite all of moral duties and obligations, utilitarian perspective have many specific challenges that pose several serious threats which constitute variety of arguments in this essay to utilitarianism and specifically Mill answers these challenges in his work. These arguments can be determinated and analyzed as three crucial points that seriously challenges utilitarianism. The first issue can be entitled like that utilitarian idea sets too demanding conditions as to act by motive which always serves maximizing overall happiness. It creates single criterion about “being motived to maximize overall happiness” but moral rightness which are unattainable to pursue in case of the maximizing benefit principle challenges utilitarianism. Secondly, the idea which may related with the first argument but differs from the first idea about single criterion issue, utilitarianism demands people to consider and measuring everything which taking place around before people practice their actions. It leads criticism to utilitarianism since the approach sees human-beings as calculators to attain greatest happiness principle without considering cultural differ...
Suppose Jim is a utilitarian. Does he shoot one Indian to save the others? Were the men on the raft practicing utilitarianism? Why or why not? Would you shoot one Indian and let Hudson drown? Why or why not?
Utilitarianism is a movement in ethics which began in the late eighteenth centaury and is primarily associated with the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham and was later adapted and fully developed by John Stuart Mill in the ninetieth century. . The theory states that we should try to achieve ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’. Utilitarianism is a teleological theory of ethics. Teleological theories of ethics look at the consequences to decide whether an action is right or wrong. Utilitarianism is defined as a doctrine that the useful is the good and that the determining consideration of right conduct should be the usefulness of it consequences: specifically: a theory that the aim of action should be the largest possible
For this reason, in the following we analyze the theory behind the technology ofgenetically modified organism.GM food were first commercialised in the US in the early 1990s. The US food regulator, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), allowed the first GM foods onto world markets in spite of its own scientists‘ warnings that genetic engineering is different from conventional breeding and poses special risks, including the production of new toxins or allergens (Shibko, 1992) The FDA formed a policy for GM foods that did not require any safety tests or labeling.
In this way, utilitarianism offers an ethical theory that is applicable to many everyday situations. However, on the negative side, utilitarianism is “seen as objectionable by some because it assigns no intrinsic moral value to justice, friendship, truth, or any of the many other goods that are thought by some to be irreducibly valuable” (Weijers n.d.). In other words, most brands of utilitarianism take no account of right or wrong, but rather allows for ethical decisions to be based on a cold, rational cost-benefit analysis. Nevertheless, and as will become clearer later, this is a powerful theory for making decisions where a seemingly obvious right or wrong doesn’t present itself. In such cases, utilitarianism offers a very convenient ethical theory on which to bases
Overall, I do believe that my moral code is based on utilitarian views. I believe everyone should be free to be who they want to be, do what they want to do and choose their own life. Below, I will go through some different aspects of the utilitarian view that apply to me and what I believe I would do based on my moral code in certain situations.
Utilitarianism is defined as “Actions are right to the degree that they tend to promote the greatest good for the greatest number.” [1]. Main focus of utilitarian is the best consequences of their own actions as they believe that their actions should not have a negative influence on anyone else. They not only should be morally correct but must have an awareness to moral codes and wellbeing’s of others. The life of a utilitarian follows general moral rules that guides them to maximize pleasure and also minimizes pain to themselves and others. I think, some of the moral rules followed by utilitarian includes being honest, not cheating, caring for children, family, being reliable, following rules; and many more. I do believe that many of us probably
Utilitarianism is a moral theory of Jeremy Bentham. It defines that actions are morally right if they produce the greatest amount of pleasure at the end. According to Bentham’s official argument, we are morally required to perform actions that brings the most pleasure as consequences. Conversely, considering Bentham’s real case for Utilitarianism, many objections and alternatives could be raised facing the theory. In this paper, I would explain Bentham’s theory of Utilitarianism, provide a counterexample, and also discuss an alternative of the theory.