Evaluation of Two Models Of Memory
In this essay 2 models of memory will be described and compared. They
are the Atkinson and Sniffrin model of memory, the Multistore model,
and Crain and Lockhart model, the Levels of Processing Model. Models
of memory are primitive diagrams of human memory to help understand
the flow of information and how it is stored. In order to evaluate
those 2 models appropriately it is important to understand how old
they are.
The Multistore Model of Memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin is a very
primitive model although it does try to explain how the memory works
quite well. It recognises 3 memory stores – the Sensory Memory Store,
the short-term memory store and the long-term memory store. The
environment makes available a variety of sources of information. The
information comes in through the sensory system – through one of the
five human senses. For a brief time it gets stored in the sensory
memory store; 2 seconds for auditory and 0.5 second for visual
information. It is an exact copy of the stimulus, although it lasts
for a very short time. The experiment done by Sperling in 1960, where
he showed a quick image to the participants and asked them to write
the answers down, supports the theory of existence of the Sensory
memory store, as participants could only remember 36% of the image on
average. According to the model, if attention is paid to an external
stimulus, an internal thought, or both, then it is stored in the
short-term memory. It is mostly stored in auditory form, however other
types of encoding are also possible. Short-term memory is also called
working memory and relates to what we are thinki...
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order to transfer it to STM and LTM. However, the multistore memory
shows that in order for the information to get transferred to LTM, it
has to be rehearsed, whereas the Levels of Processing model shows that
it is enoungh for the input to trigger some kind of association on
semantic level for it to be transferred to LTM. The Levels of
Processing does not show any Memory Stores or where the memory is
stored, so it is quite limited, whereas the other model does show 3
memory stores. The levels of processing model is very limited as it
does not show where information is stored and how it is forgotten. I
think the multistore model, although very simplistic does give a
better understanding about the human memory that the other one. It is
a very good model for the time it was made and it is based on reliable
evidence.
This model
Accuracy: This paper demonstrates much accuracy, this is proven through the subtitles, statistics and in text citations for
In conclusion table 10-1 on page 292 list the three types of models. These models provide
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This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.
The Effects of Levels of Processing on Memory PB1: Identify the aim of the research and state the experimental/alternative hypothesis/es. (credited in the report mark scheme) To show how different levels of processing affects the memory. “People who process information deeply (i.e. semantic processing) tend to remember more than those who process information shallowly (i.e. visual processing). ” PB2: Explain why a directional or non-directional experimental/alternative hypothesis/es has been selected. (I mark) I have used a directional experimental hypothesis because past research, such as that by Craik and Tulving (1975) has proved this. PB3:
Memory is a group of related mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information (Hockenberry and Hocenberry page 232). I will be addressing two specific types of memory: short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory holds temporary information transferred from sensory memory or long-term memory. Sensory memory is the first stage of memory and obtains information for a brief amount of time. Short-term memory is also called active memory and is stored in the prefrontal cortex which is the most active part of the brain during an activity. Short-term memory can hold information for roughly twenty seconds, but sensory memory holds information for a shorter amount of time. We usually store things such
This essay will firstly briefly describe the theories and important facts about the original multi-store model of memory (MSM) and the working memory model (WMM).
It is reliable since it is a part of an established academic institution. 5. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? This is the NASA page for Pluto. http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome/pluto.htm
According to Sternberg (1999), memory is the extraction of past experiences for information to be used in the present. The retrieval of memory is essential in every aspect of daily life, whether it is for academics, work or social purposes. However, many often take memory for granted and assume that it can be relied on because of how realistic it appears in the mind. This form of memory is also known as flashbulb memory. (Brown and Kulik, 1977). The question of whether our memory is reliably accurate has been shown to have implications in providing precise details of past events. (The British Psychological Association, 2011). In this essay, I would put forth arguments that human memory, in fact, is not completely reliable in providing accurate depictions of our past experiences. Evidence can be seen in the following two studies that support these arguments by examining episodic memory in humans. The first study is by Loftus and Pickrell (1995) who found that memory can be modified by suggestions. The second study is by Naveh-Benjamin and Craik (1995) who found that there is a predisposition for memory to decline with increasing age.
is also quite relevant. If we look at the base of the model, it is large,
In the article “Memory’s Limit is Even Lower: 4 Things At Once”, author Clara Moskowitz says that researchers once debated that the conscious mind or working memory can only contain three to four items at one time. In fact, the working memory is just a section within the short-term memory that makes it easier to access information within the brain. The working memory also correlates with the knowledge that we can be aware of and control.
Learning to tie shoes and ride a bike requires the encoding, storing, and retrieving of past observations of the procedure. With a lot of practice, children master these skills so well that they are able to remember them the rest of their lives. Memory is the storing of information over time. It is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. As a process, memory refers to the "dynamic mechanism associated with the retention and retrieval of information about past experiences" (Sternberg 260). We use our memory about the past to help us understand the present. The study or memory in psychology is used in different ways, as well as there are many different ways to study how memory works in humans. In psychology there are many tasks used to measure memory, and different types of memory storages that human's use, such as sensory storing, or short term storing. There are also a lot of techniques that humans use to improve their memory, which they can use to learn, such as mnemonic devices. All these things can be classified as important issues in the study of human memory and ways of learning.