Argyle, Michael. Social Interaction. United States of America: Library of Congress Catalog- in -Publication, 2009. Print.
Barth, Fredrik. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. United States of America: Waveland Press, 1998. Print.
---. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. United States of America: Waveland Press, 1969. Print.
Berger & Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality. England: Clays Ltd, 1966. Print.
Briggs, P. & Booth, J. Rwanda. USA: The Globe Pequot Press, 2009. pp. 1-30. Print.
Brubaker, Rogers. Ethnicity Without Groups. United States of America: President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2004. Print. C. Adyanga, Onek. Modes of British Imperial Control
…show more content…
Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic. Oxford 2014. New York: University Press, 2014. Print.
Collins, Barrie. Rwanda 1994: The Myth of the Akazu Genocide Conspiracy and its Consequences: Rethinking Political Violence. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.
Collins, Robert O.. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. United States of America: New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.
Davidson, Basil. The Black Man's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1993. Print.
De Sherbinen A. World population growth and U.S. national security: environmental change and security project report. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center, 1995. Print.
Destexhe, Alain. Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. East Haven, USA: Pluto Press, 1994. Print. Deutsch, Morton. “Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice.” Political Psychology Volume Vol. 4, No. 3. (1983): pp. 431-453. International Society of Political Psychology. Print.
Dibua, Jeremiah I. . Modernization and the Crisis of Development in Africa: The Nigerian Experience. USA: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006. Print.
Dunn, Robert G.. Identity Crises: A Social Critique of Postmodernity. United States of America: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
…show more content…
Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda. New York: Cornell University. Press, 2011. Print.
Greenberg, Barton, McGuinness. Words Over War: Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict. New York: Carnegie Corporation, 2000. Print. pp. 214-238.
Gruen, Erich S.. Cultural Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2011. Print.
Hardin, Russell. One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. Print.
Hintjens, H. “Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda”, Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 37 No.2. (1999) pp. 241—86. Print.
Hutchinson, John & Smith, Anthony D.. Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Print. Pp.189-197, 374.
Irivuzumugabe, E., Lawrence, Tracey D.. My Father, Maker of the Trees: How I Survived the Rwandan Genocide. Washington DC: Baker Books, 2009. Print. Pg.1- 27.
James, Carl E. & Shadd Lynn, Adrienne. Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity, and Language. Canada: Transcontinental Printing, 2001. pg 1-8 & 20-27. Print.
Jefremovas, Villia. “Contested Identities: Power and the Fictions of Ethnicity, Ethnography and History in Rwanda.” Anthropologica Vol. XXXIX. No. 1-2 (1997): Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 91-103.
Though the event occurred almost twenty-one years ago, the Rwandan genocide of 1994 has prompted much discussion about what truly caused the deaths of an estimated 800,000 civilians. Scott Straus, a political scientist and author of The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda, makes the claim that it is very difficult to precisely identify what began the genocide in Rwanda for a number of reasons, and also comments that many of the beliefs in regards to the causes and evolution of genocide in Rwanda are incomplete. In his book, Straus focuses on three main aspects: to look closely at the local dynamics of the genocide, to produce an assessment of explanations, and finally to develop a theory that would explain the genocide in Rwanda.
Mazrui, Ali A. "The Re-Invention of Africa: Edward Said, V. Y. Mudimbe, and Beyond." Research in African Literatures 36, no. 3 (Autumn 2005): 68-82.
The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnics Literature of the United States. Spring 2000
Kottak, Conrad Phillip and Kayhryn Kozaitis 2012 On Being Different, Diversity and Multiculturalism in the North American Mainstream, 4th edition, McGraw Hill Press, New York: Chapter 1.
Schaefer, R. (Ed.). (2012). Racial and ethnic groups. (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Schaefer, Richard, T. Racial and Ethnic Groups. 12th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.
Glazer, Nathan. Beyond the Melting Pot. Boston, MA. The M.I.T. and Harvard University press. 1963
Africa has been an interesting location of conflicts. From the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea to the revolutionary conflict in Libya and Egypt, one of the greatest conflicts is the Rwandan Genocide. The Rwandan Genocide included two tribes in Rwanda: Tutsis and Hutus. Upon revenge, the Hutus massacred many Tutsis and other Hutus that supported the Tutsis. This gruesome war lasted for a 100 days. Up to this date, there have been many devastating effects on Rwanda and the global community. In addition, many people have not had many acknowledgements for the genocide but from this genocide many lessons have been learned around the world.
"Rwanda Genocide 20 Years On: 'We Live with Those Who Killed Our Families. We Are Told They're Sorry, but Are They?'" The Guardian. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2013.
Abigail, R. A., & Cahn, D. D. (2011). Managing conflict through communication. 4th Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Though the United States is home to many immigrants, controversy surrounds the issue of immigrants in the United States. The United States in a melting pot of various backgrounds and cultures, yet it is hard for all to merge into acceptance of one another. The first chapter of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and class covers stratification, prejudice and discrimination, and inequality.
Ott, Marvin C. "Mediation as a Method of Conflict Resolution: Two Cases." International Organization 26.04 (1972): 595-618. JSTOR. Web. 3 Dec. 2013.
In 1994, Rwanda experienced one of the greatest crisis’s the continent of Africa has ever seen. Upwards of 800 thousand people were killed in this genocide that tore this nation apart. Racial divisions between ethnic groups in Rwanda, the Hutu and the Tutsi caused mass killings by conflicting ideological groups. By the end of this era of mass murder, a great number of the population had been wiped out. In the years after this genocide, women came together to run the country and gain more rights, the country had to stabilize it’s government and unite to fight the many issues including mass refuge displacement, water scarcity, and poverty. People had to work together despite their racial prejudices and unite in the movement to repair Rwanda.
During one April, not so long ago, the world sat back and watched as a turbulent political situation in central Africa turned into something the world will never be able to forget. 800,000 people murdered in just 100 days, 800,000 people needlessly slaughtered at the hands of extremists, 800,000 men, women, and children gone because of a more serious problem rooted in social prejudice and inequality, 800,000 killed in a genocide that the world could do nothing about until it was too late. Almost 50 years after the world pledged to never let anything like the holocaust occur again, the world had to watch as a genocide unfolded in Rwanda. Between April of 1994 and July of 1994 some 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus were systematically killed as Rwanda fell into political despair and turmoil, leaving millions more as refugees struggling to put their lives back together in the aftermath of such horrific violence. The large number of people forced to flee the violence in 1994 not only created a massive refugee population in the surrounding countries of Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania, and Uganda, but the number of refugees within what is known as the Great Lakes region continue to cause political turmoil even today, almost eleven years after the genocide.
Middleton, John. "Rwanda." Africa: an Encyclopedia for Students. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. Print.