Ethical Implications of Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Warfare
Thesis
As current problems of terrorism and the war on Iraq, chemical, biological and nuclear warfare (CBW) issues are important and relevant. CBW agents are dangerous, uncontrollable and undifferentiating weapons of mass destructions. Chemical, biological and nuclear weapons are capable of mass destruction aimed at killing masses of people. Using CBW agents comes with many ethical dilemmas and consequential side-effects. Chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons are designed to yield a great number of deaths. Regarding the ethical use of CBW, while looking at the larger context of war, one must determine the value of life. As backed by Virtues Ethics, this mass killing caused by CBW is unethical and unjustified.
Introduction
News of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons seem to plague today's newspapers. Taking a glance at headlines, one would read about current issues regarding Iraqi disarmament of weapons of mass destruction, Russian government intentional use of a gas that killed rebels and hostages, and terrorist threats on the United States. Chemical and biological warfare (CBW) is not a new problem in the war against terror; it was a danger to communities centuries ago.
There are many accounts of deliberate use of biological or chemical agents during war. Some of these earliest accounts mentioned are found in the 6th century BCE when the Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with rye ergot, a fungus disease. Also at that time Solon of Athens used the purgative herb hellebore, during siege of Krissa. The Bible describes the ten plagues of blood, frogs, gnats, flies, livestock, boils, hail, locusts, darkness and the slaying of the f...
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Howard Gardner used to define intelligence as “the ability to solve problems or to create products that are valued within one or more cultural settings” (Gardner 33). The modern day human being would most likely include the words “smart” and “dumb” in their definition of intelligence. Gardner questioned the belief of only one intelligence so he created his own theory that involved seven different discoveries. He didn’t want to call these discoveries “skills” or “talents” or gifts” because those all suggested a drawback so he decided on the word “intelligence,” creating his theory of multiple intelligences (Gardner 33). Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences including, linguistic, logical/mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, intrapersonal and interpersonal, has many implications for modern education and culture.
14. Multiple Intelligences - Multiple intelligences are Howard Gardner's theory that people are possessed of eight semi-independent kinds of intelligence, only three of which are measured by standard IQ tests.
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The development of the atomic bomb and chemical warfare forever changed the way people saw the world. It was a landmark in time for which there was no turning back. The constant balancing of the nuclear super powers kept the whole of humankind on the brink of atomic Armageddon. Fear of nuclear winter and the uncertainty of radiation created its own form of a cultural epidemic in the United States. During these tense times in human history officials made controversial decisions such as the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Dangerous biological experiments and bombs tests were carried out in the name of the greater good and national defense. Some historians and scientists argue that the decisions and acts carried out by the U.S. during World War II and the Cold War were unethical because of the direct damage they did. The United States' decisions were moral because it can be proven their actions were aimed at achieving a greater good and those that were put in potential danger volunteered and were informed of the risk.
Howard Gardner’s theory contains eight main multiple intelligence. As the years have progressed there have taken one out and is left with the main seven. These seven are: Linguistic, Mathematical, Spatial, bodily, Musical, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal. These are found in everyone; however, each person will excel in one or two. Once teachers can determine what intelligence the students will exceed on and teach to their strengths the student will learn much more.
Kant, Immanuel, and Mary J. Gregor. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UP, 1998. Print.
“If it is wrong to inflict pain on a human being, it is just as wrong to inflict pain on an animal”(Andre and Velasquez). Across the United States, lab animals only know a life locked inside cold bare cages only to be released for the sake of science and not knowing what they will endure in the process of a future experiment. In fact, the trauma that experiments cause, influence the overall result of the product on the animal. “The distress that laboratory animals are forced to endure has been proven to cause unpredictable changes in neurochemistry, genetic expression and nerve regeneration, leading to unreliable and ineffect...
For the concept of intelligence, Robert Sternberg’s “Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence” and Gardner’s “Theory of Multiple Intelligences” were focused on for this particular self-assessment. Sternberg’s theory of intelligence divides total intelligence into analytic, creative and practical components (Woolfolk 117). According to Sternberg, analytical intelligence involves “the mental processes of the individual that lead to more or less intelligent behavior”, creative intelligence involves “coping with new experiences”, and practical intelligence involves emphasizing “the importance of choosing an environment in which you can succeed, adapting to that environment, and reshaping it if necessary” (Woolfolk 118).
War has always been, and will always be, a necessary action perpetrated by man. There are many reasons for war: rage, passion, greed, defense, and religion to name a few. When differences cannot be solved or compromised through mediation with an opposing party, war is the last remaining option. Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun wrote in fourteenth-century Spain, that “War is a universal and inevitable aspect of life, ordained by God to the same extent as the sky and the earth, the heat and the cold. The question of whether to fright is not a significant moral question because fighting is constant; the minor decision not to fight this war will be made only in the context of knowing that another war will present itself soon enough because it is simply always there.” (Peter S. Themes. The Just War)
Bodybuilding supplements commonly used by bodybuilders but now people take supplements to place meals, enhance weight loss or improve athletic performance Most of people believe that taking supplements have side effects and warn each other from taking supplements, but the surprise that doctors recommend to take supplements. There are various types of supplements, but the idea is what your body needs to take. You may hear some say "OH! No don't take supplements you will damage your health "they say this without knowing what the supplements contain Most of the supplements are taken by bodybuilders to increase their muscles although some people people believe taking supplements are dangerous and unhealthy have side negative effects or to help them to improve their physical metabolism, improve the outer appearance and to lose weight.
There are eight basic different intelligences: musical, body-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. According to Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences, people have many different ways of learning. Unlike traditional theories of intelligence that focus on one, single general intelligence, Gardner believed that people have multiple ways of thinking
Overall, understanding the multiple intelligence theories will increase the student’s learning capacity, and they will retrieve information more effectively. They will gain interest in school subjects and this will strengthen their knowledge.
I tend to agree with Kant, I don’t know that we can answer the questions we have on metaphysics. It is a matter of ones own opinion, thoughts, and interpretation.
According to the website Multiple Intelligence (MI)-Howard Gardner (2014), Howard Gardner is the man who came up with the idea of multiple intelligences and he describes intelligence as “the ability to create an effective product or offer service that is valued in a culture,” while the traditional description as from Merriam-Webster dictionary (2014) states intelligence as “the ability to learn or understand things or deal with new or problematic situations.” With this idea of how intelligence is, he formed a list of eight intelligences (Bodily Kinesthetic,