The Warren Truss design is a common design for real and model bridges. It’s exact history and origin is somewhat unclear. James Warren, in 1948, patented a model which many assigned the name Warren Truss. Warren’s patent was more about the technique of building rather than a model. Nevertheless, the Warren Truss has been around for some time and has been very prominent in bridge construction. Examples of this truss design can be found across the globe. A Warren truss has alternating compression and tension diagonals and, since all panel lengths and diagonals are of equal length creating a series of equilateral triangles, it is sometimes called an equilateral truss. It is sometimes called an isosceles or isometric truss when the panel lengths …show more content…
Their patent was based on trusses comparable to those that Alfred H. Neville built in France and were similar to an 1839 design by William Nash of England. Both well-known English engineers, Warren and Monzani set out to design a truss that could possibly be utilized as a through truss or a deck. In their original design, cast iron was implemented for the diagonal members and top chord and wrought iron links and bars were used for the lower chord portions. The cast iron members used for the top chord were coupled together with junction blocks made of cast iron, and the wrought iron members used for the diagonals and lower chord were joined with pins. Warren and Monzani’s configuration was rectangular. Even though, at the time, the process of calculating forces in truss members under fixed and fluctuating loads had been published in the United States, this method was not yet known in England. It wasn’t until W. B. Blood developed a process of analyzing triangular trusses in …show more content…
To test the load handling capabilities of the structure, two separate loads were applied independently. First, a standard brick with the dimensions of 3-5/8” x 2-1/4” x 8” and an approximate weight of 4.5 pounds was place on top of the structure to observe the effects. The structure was able to support this distributed load with ease, causing no visible bending, breaking, or failures. The brick was then removed before performing the second test. To perform the second test, the structure was suspended across two tables, with a string attached to the center of one side of the truss systems. The standard brick was then attached to the rope to create a vertical load. After carefully attaching the brick to the string, the structure began to bend before eventually failing, causing the structure to break in
The bascule was invented later on through the revolution. Due to the fact it was found to be easier then forcing a struggling prisoner up a flight of steps. With the bascule a prisoner could just be bound to it then tipped over and moved into position to be guillotined. The bascule was made of wood and shaped like a plank. A prisoner would be strapped to it by their feet, ankles and waist.
In the competition known as Science Olympiad, there is an event called “Boomilevers.” This event is comprised of building a structure to be attached on one side to a wall and bear the maximum weight possible on the other side, while the structure itself weighs as little as possible. The Boomilever is a long standing Olympiad Event and requires acute attention to detail and a critical mind in architecture in order to achieve the maximum efficiency score possible. There are many limitations and guidelines set forth in the Olympiad rules, defining how tall and long the boomilever must be and how the boomilever must attach to the wall. This leads to construction much like a real life situation, where resources must be utilized efficiently.
...he forge. The other half had the ends of each link flattened and then had holes punched in them. As the mail shirt was assembled a punched ring was linked to four of the welded rings, a rivet was put through the hole to close the link. Finally the whole mail shirt was likely to have been 'oil tempered' to make it stronger and give a small degree of rust-proofing.
The scope of the investigation is limited to the Second Great Awakening and the American Abolitionist Movement from 1830-1839, with the exception of some foundational knowledge of the movement prior to 1830 to highlight the changes within the movement in the 1830s. The investigation included an exploration of various letters, lectures, and sermons by leading abolitionists from the time period and a variety of secondary sources analyzing the Second Great Awakening and the Abolitionist Movement from 1830-1839.
During the early to the mid-19th century, politics had become barbarian like, as it can be seen as a war zone. The arguments between the North and the south had grew, which would continue to separate them farther, and even farther apart. The Civil war was beginning to take shape, and every time a compromise was drawn, the war came closer to the present. For the longest time, slaves would run to the north to seek freedom from their masters, but it also came with a cost that, if they were caught they would have to deal with the punishments, and the wrath of their master. Though as the war grew closer, by the 1850, running away through the underground rail road would no longer be a very viable option due to the fugitive slave law that was put out in the 1850’s. Though the government issued the personal liberty laws that stated that they would not have to report any runaway slaves that they have seen. This made tensions between the North and the South even greater than before which would then bring us to the Civil war.
In Colonial America indentured slavery happen gradually. The colony of Virginia was one place the “terrible transformation” took place. There were Africans and poor whites that came from English working class, black and whites worked side by side in the fields. They were all indentured servants as servants they were fed and housed. After their time was served, they were given “freedom dues,” with that came a piece of land and supplies. Black and whites became free. The English would not enslave non-Christians slaves; they could be set freed by converting to Christianity (PBS Online, nd).
Also known as the Second Great Awakening, the Abolitionist Movement swept through the colonies in the early 1830’s. This was a movement to abolish slavery and to give blacks their freedom as citizens. Many men and women, free and enslaved, fought for this cause and many were imprisoned or even killed for speaking out. If it were not for these brave people, slavery would still exist today. The Abolitionist Movement paved the way in eradicating slavery by pursuing moral and political avenues, providing the foundation for the Underground Railroad, and creating a voice for African Americans.
This all iron design made the bridge a lot heavier than it was designed for, which added more stress to the truss. This fact, by itself, wouldn’t cause any alarm. However, the bridge itself, was very poorly constructed. The members of the bridge were all different sizes, and they were not connected together properly. Due to the poor construction and eleven years of use, members of the bridge had started to bend due to the stress. Despite bridge engineers inspecting the bridge for eleven years, no one noticed these faults with the bridge. However, the ultimate cause of this collapse, was so tiny, only one of the investigators, after the collapse, noticed it. A tiny air hole was left during the construction of the bridge, “and grew with repeated stress over eleven years” (Escher, 2009). This hole would develop in a crack, due to the changing temperatures and the trains crossing it for over eleven years. This would weaken the overall strength of the bridge. The cold winter air and the weight of the train would ultimately prove to be too much, and the whole bridge came crashing
The bridge was designed at a time when America was moving toward streamline products, this included the design of bridges. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was a sleek, graceful looking suspension bridge. Suspension bridges consist of many cables anchored...
Braham, James. "Keep you eye on the batAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers". 69. 13 (1997), 1-3, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=46cabc6b-475f-4fa3-8712-92f0739b70d4%40sessionmgr115&vid=1&hid=111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=9708224665. (accessed March 23, 2011).
One of the most influential and well-known architectural engineers in America during the twentieth century has got to be Frank Lloyd Wright. He’s created and designed many creative and functional buildings for most of his career which spanned to about seventy years. His futuristic and modern designs were unique and creative, yet they were still functional for one to live in them. His eccentric thinking has brought about and greatly influenced the image of twentieth century architecture. His works have paved the way to the designs and structures of the civil engineers and architects that we have today in the twenty-first century.
Next, The Eiffel Tower is a renowned monument for France. Being that it was originally built as an entrance way, some precautions were made. The safety token was moveable staging, guard rails and screens only one man died during construction. (Eiffel Tower). The tower stands 320 meters tall it uses over 18,000 pieces in the steel structure. Each year the high heats cause the structure to grow six inches, but then retracts back after the summer time. So, that is why the idea of thermal rivets were used in assembly, because the rivets allow the structure to keep its shape. Over 2.5 million rivets were used. (Eiffel ...
"The Sustainable Aspects of Structural Steel." AISC. American Institute of Steel Construction, n.d. Web. 30 June 2014.
Continuous casting invented in 1865 by Sir Henry Bessemer one of the original founders of modern steelmaking, this invention used and developed to produce 750 million tons of steel, 20 million tons of aluminum, and many tons of other alloys produced in the world every year.
The first leg was made 1500 B.C. and it is passing from evolutionary stages since then. Many refinements have been made to the early hand hooks and wooden legs, which resulted into extremly individualized fitting and molds of modern age devices.