Typhoid fever is an acute contagious disease which is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It can be transmitted through contaminated food, water, or by a human carrier. Typhoid fever is mostly spread in undeveloped, and polluted countries. Moreover, about 2.5 million people are diagnosed with typhoid fever each year. Without health and medical care, typhoid fever can be life threating disease. Furthermore, typhoid fever can be prevented by taking certain measures such as hygiene, vaccines, and antibiotics.
To begin, typhoid fever can be prevented and treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics are treatments that kill or prevent bacterial infections. Death occur from overwhelming infection, pneumonia, intestinal bleeding, or intestinal perforation.
…show more content…
With antibiotics and supportive care, mortality has been reduced to 1%-2%. Most people need to take antibiotics for seven to fourteen days. Some of commonly used antibiotics are fluoroquinolone and pefloxacin. Some strains of the Salmonella have developed a resistance to one or more types of antibiotics. This is becoming a serious problem worldwide. Most physicians don`t highly recommend antibiosis as a prevention method from typhoid fever because it is not that effective on preventing the bacteria from entering the body. Next, vaccines are the most effective prevention method against typhoid fever.
Vaccines create immunity that protects the body from infectious diseases. Most vaccines contain a small amount of the pathogen that cause the disease, which are died or weak. Having a small amount of the pathogen inside the body makes the defensive system build antibodies to fight and kill the microorganism. There are many efforts that have been done by scientists to develop an effective vaccines against typhoid fever. At the present time, only two types of vaccines for typhoid fever are available and being used (Vi PS) and a live attenuated S. vaccines are either given as a capsule or a single dose which should be taken at least a week before travelling to a country that has a widely spread typhoid fever.
Finally, hygiene is an important prevention method against typhoid fever. Typhoid fever can be easily spread from an infected person. Washing hands frequently before and after eating, and using a hand sanitizer will decrease the rate of getting infected. Also drinking bottled water rather than sink water is safer. Furthermore, eating cooked food and avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables is likely to be less contaminated because bacteria die in high
temperatures. To sum up, in spite of having increased knowledge about prevention methods, infectious contagious diseases still create a global concern. Although typhoid fever is rare in industrialized and developed countries, it still remains a serious problem in most of industrial countries such as Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
In all the cases, some people were hospitalized. To treat the infection, people should rest and take antibiotics promptly. So as you can see, Salmonella typhimurium is a serious microorganism that can create a lot of havoc if it gets inside of a person’s system and although there are many ways to diagnose it, it must be diagnosed quickly or a person could end up in the hospital.
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the gram-negative organism Salmonella typhi. It is transmitted through fecal-oral or urine-oral route by either direct or indirect contact of the carrier’s or infected individual’s feces or urine. Humans are the only source of this organism. Ingestion of
Judith Walzer Leavitt's Typhoid Mary details the life of Mary Mallon, one of the first known carriers of the typhoid disease. Leavitt constructs her book by outlining the various perspectives that went into the decisions made concerning Mary Mallon's life. These perspectives help explain why she was cast aside for most of her life and is still a household catchphrase today. Leavitt paints a picture of the relationship between science and society and particularly shows how Mallon was an unfortunate example of how science can be uneven when it is applied to public policy. This paper will focus on the subjectivity of science and its' interaction with social factors which allowed health officials to “lock[ing] up one person in the face of thousands”, and why that one person was “Typhoid Mary” Mary Mallon (Leavitt p. #).
The outburst spread of diseases in a population causes people to panic and become hopeless. The main reason diseases spread is due to unsanitary living styles. Also when a disease first begins, it is really hard to find a cure right away. A very deadly, infectious disease known as Typhus spread during the Holocaust. Typhus is caused by rickettsia and is spread by lice and flees.
Salmonella is one of the most common food-borne diseases that attack an enormous amount of people in poor countries every year. It is shown that “Today, it still attacks some 17 million people in poor countries each year, and kills about 600,000 of them. Back before antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, typhoid was very much feared” (Trek 1). Despite the advance in technology and medicine, Salmonella is
Treatment: Chemotherapy is on treatment method. Most infected people benefit from the treatments. To of the best drugs for treatment are Praziquantel and Oxamniquine. The side effects are mild and transient, some of then are as followed:
14) Davis, Charles, and Mary Nettleman, eds. "Typhus (Endemic, Murine, Epidemic)." medicinenet.com. N.p.. Web. 12 Mar 2014. .
Acute gastroenteritis inflames the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. Norovirus can be transmitted through food water and close conditions. There are several ways to treat winter-vomiting disease (traditional, homeopathic, and Chinese). You cannot protect yourself from norovirus (without dying) because you would have to halt eating.
Johnson (2006) presents the terrifying reality of the cholera outbreak during the summer of 1854 in London. London was the largest city in the world at the time and because of overpopulation the city had major sewage problems. The drinking water was being mixed with the sewage waste and the people had no idea that the water they were drinking was contaminated. The outbreak, began when baby Lewis’s waste was tossed into a cesspool that eventually mixed with the Broad Street pump. During this horrible time two men stood out as they tried to find the genuine reason for the outbreak. The two men that contributed to the discovery of the cause of cholera were John Snow and Henry Whitehead. John Snow was a well-known physician in London, and he was
Salmonella is a gram-negative rod, which is known to infect humans, birds, and other mammals by invading and irritating the intestines. It is more common in poultry and swine which, if consumed, can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. The infectious disease can be found almost everywhere and anywhere, including in water, animal feces, raw poultry, and raw seafood. Animals consume salmonella from the soil or contaminated processed feed. In humans, salmonella can lead to a developing typhoid-like fever that persists among other symptoms. However, there is no vaccine available for Salmonella but no treatment is needed because the infection is usually simply fought off by the immune system. There are various ways of preventing the salmonella infection as well, for example, careful cleaning of hands and utensils while cooking are simple preventative actions. Keeping clean and properly preparing food are the best ways contamination and spread of Salmonella can be avoided.
The idea behind vaccines is to provide the body with just enough of the disease-causing substance to trick the body into producing antibodies against it. By injecting weak or dead infectious agents through the skin, it’s believed that the body will create the appropriate immune defense. Infants come into the world with antibodies they have gotten from their mother through the placenta. Infants who are breastfed continue to receive many important antibodies in the colostrum (the thick, yellowish premilk that is secreted during the first few days after a woman gives birth) and breast milk. During the first year of life, the immunity an infant gets from its mother at birth wears off. To help boost the fading ability to fight certain diseases, vaccines are given. Once the antibodies are produced, they stay around, protecting the child against the disease they were designed to fight.
Preventing serious infections by making a person immune to the infection is called immunization. This process is usually performed by the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the person’s immune system to protect them against a subsequent infection or disease. According to the World Health Organization (2016), more than 5 million deaths were prevented annually between 2010 and 2015 due to vaccinations that were used around the world. Vaccines work with the natural ability of the human immune system to develop immunity to fight disease. When a foreign infectious pathogen such as bacteria or a virus enters the body, it multiplies and becomes an infection and in many cases, this infection leads to an illness. To understand how vaccines
Salmonella typhoid bacteria have over 100 strains in the world today. Most cause illness in humans, but only a few of those strains cause the illness Typhoid Fever (Pike, 2014). Typhoid is a bacterium that has been very devastating to the human race for centuries. Typhoid thrives in undeveloped countries and countries with high populations and poor sanitation procedures. But, it is still a relevant disease here in the United States because of its ease of spread once someone is infected (Pollack, 2003). Antibiotic treatment is usually successful when treating Typhoid Fever, but it still has the ability to cause death, even with treatment of advanced medicine and antibiotics. When one thinks of salmonella, they will most commonly think of a food borne illness (food poisoning symptoms) caused by eating raw or undercooked animal products such as undercooked chicken or pork. That is the effect of some strains of the bacteria, but not the one that causes typhoid fever (Pike, 2014).
Immunisation or vaccination is a very effective and safe form of medicine used to prevent severe diseases occurring from viruses and other infectious organisms and increase the amount of protective antibodies. It is given by drops in the mouth or injecting a person with a dead or modified disease-causing agent, in order for the person to become immune to that disease.
The swine influenza or swine flu is a respiratory disease in pigs that is caused by the type A influenza viruses. These viruses are referred to as swine flu viruses but scientifically the main virus is called the swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus. When the viruses infect humans they are called variant viruses. This infection has been caused in humans mainly by the H1N1v virus in the United States. The H1N1 virus originates in animals due to improper conditions and the food they ingest. The virus stays in latency form, thus harmless to the respective animal. The longer the animals survive the more likely the virus is to develop and strengthen making it immune to vaccines. The virus reproduced through the lytic cycle. The virus injects its own nucleic acids into a host cell and then they form a circle in the center of the cell. Rather than copying its own nucleic acids, the cell will copy the viral acids. The copies of viral acids then organize themselves as viruses inside of the cell. The membrane will eventually split leaving the viruses free to infect other cells.