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Recommended: Norovirus pathology
It is three o’clock in the morning. You have a low fever, are extremely thirsty, and have chills. Your muscles ache and you have a general feeling of sickness. You decide to cancel your first appointment the next day and go to the doctor. The diagnosis? Norovirus, a markedly contagious single stranded DNA. The norovirus is commonly referred too as viral gastroenteritis, winter-vomiting disease, non-bacterial gastroenteritis, and food poisoning. Viral gastroenteritis is transmitted through food, water, and close conditions such as those in hospitals and on airplanes and cruise ships. Non-bacterial gastroenteritis can be treated through traditional medicine, as well as homeopathic and Chinese remedies.
The norovirus is shaped like a cherimoya or a spiky fruit (a spherical shape with pointed spikes). When multiple viruses gather in one place it has the appearance of a bunch of grapes. The non-bacterial gastroenteritis infection can survive freezing temperatures and can even sustain survival in temperatures as high as 140 degrees Farenheight. The food poisoning virus can also live in very high chlorine levels (10 parts per million), which is higher than a majority of water systems. There are several things that you can do to prevent noroviral infection. The most important is intensive and regular hand washing. Some others are proper handling of fruits, vegetables, and cold vegetables, steaming oysters before digesting and discarding diapers of children (especially ill ones). You can also dispose of sewage environmentally correctly and keeping sick people out of kitchens. Gastroenteritis infects the stomach and intestinal tract.
There is prevalent norovirus contamination in rivers in seas. These outbreaks (called waterborne), can al...
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...e, aches in the muscles, and fatigue. Norovirus is usually diagnosed by the symptoms.
There are no medicines or vaccines to treat norovirus traditionally. However, traditional medicine suggests drinking a bounty of non-alcoholic and caffeine free fluids. It is also suggested to eat yogurt during recovery. Chinese medicine proposes the herbal remedies Po Chai and Pill Curing. Homeopathic treatment recommends an infusion of meadowsweet and slippery elm. Castor oil packs can reduce pain. Norovirus has no known long-term health effects.
Acute gastroenteritis inflames the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. Norovirus can be transmitted through food water and close conditions. There are several ways to treat winter-vomiting disease (traditional, homeopathic, and Chinese). You cannot protect yourself from norovirus (without dying) because you would have to halt eating.
...rogen In Wastewater To Protect A Region's Waterways." BioCycle 44 (2003): 18. BigChalk. 20 Oct. 2005.
HAV is known to be an infectious disease that usually occurs in children and young adults .The disease is usually transmitted from person to person through contaminated food, liquids or oral fecal route. An example would be when someone is carrying the virus and doesn’t wash their hands after using the restroom and then puts food in their mouth. HAV is most common in developing countries because of the living conditions and inadequate water, poor sewage facilities and sanitary conditions. The highest HAV levels in the world are from India,” Earlier reports suggest that India is hyperendemic for HAV infection2,4-6 with very high infection rates,” (Sowmyanarayanan). Most HAV are without severe complications, “Virus HAV infection rarely causes fulminant hepatic failure in people…,” (Vento,p.1) . The symptoms for HAV are high fever, nausea, vomiting and jaundice...
Salmonella is a gram-negative bacillus that causes inflammation of the GI tract and in some cases, if the immune response is not sufficiently powerful and treatment is not administered, can become systemic and cause even more serious conditions throughout the body. After ingestion, these bacteria cause infection by invading the epithelial cells of the small intestine and macrophages. Though there are more than two thousand different subspecies of Salmonella, few of them are able to cause serious conditions in humans—for most, the disease resolves itself in a matter of days. Those who are most affected by Salmonella infection are infants, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems. Some of the main conditions caused by Salmonella are gastroenteritis, enteric fever, and bacteremia, while the general symptoms of salmonella include vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. While there are typically few to no long-term effects as a result of a Salmonella infection, more serious complications may arise.
Salmonella is a gram-negative rod, which is known to infect humans, birds, and other mammals by invading and irritating the intestines. It is more common in poultry and swine which, if consumed, can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. The infectious disease can be found almost everywhere and anywhere, including in water, animal feces, raw poultry, and raw seafood. Animals consume salmonella from the soil or contaminated processed feed. In humans, salmonella can lead to a developing typhoid-like fever that persists among other symptoms. However, there is no vaccine available for Salmonella but no treatment is needed because the infection is usually simply fought off by the immune system. There are various ways of preventing the salmonella infection as well, for example, careful cleaning of hands and utensils while cooking are simple preventative actions. Keeping clean and properly preparing food are the best ways contamination and spread of Salmonella can be avoided.
Norovirus is a major cause of morbidity in the general population. Children, the elderly and individuals with compromised immune systems and co-morbidities (McCabe-Sellers & Beatte, 2004) are particularly vulnerable to the effects of the virus. The economic burden of foodborne norovirus is significant (Painter et al., 2013). Researchers examined 14 foodborne pathogens that account for 95% of all confirmed foodborne illnesses and associated hospitalizations and 98% of deaths in the United States. One of the 14 pathogens evaluated was norovirus.
Viruses can be transmitted in many ways. Being in contact with an infected person will most likely transfer the virus. One can also obtain the virus through swallowing, inhaling, and unsafe sex. Poor hygiene and eating habits usually increase the risk of catching a viral infection. Contracting a viral infection is followed by adverse s...
Infection control is very important in the health care profession. Health care professionals, who do not practice proper infection control, allow themselves to become susceptible to a number of infections. Among the most dreaded of these infections are: hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Another infection which has more recently increased in prevalence is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These infections are all treated differently. Each infection has its own symptoms, classifications, and incubation periods. These infections are transmitted in very similar fashions, but they do not all target the same population.
Salmonella typhoid bacteria have over 100 strains in the world today. Most cause illness in humans, but only a few of those strains cause the illness Typhoid Fever (Pike, 2014). Typhoid is a bacterium that has been very devastating to the human race for centuries. Typhoid thrives in undeveloped countries and countries with high populations and poor sanitation procedures. But, it is still a relevant disease here in the United States because of its ease of spread once someone is infected (Pollack, 2003). Antibiotic treatment is usually successful when treating Typhoid Fever, but it still has the ability to cause death, even with treatment of advanced medicine and antibiotics. When one thinks of salmonella, they will most commonly think of a food borne illness (food poisoning symptoms) caused by eating raw or undercooked animal products such as undercooked chicken or pork. That is the effect of some strains of the bacteria, but not the one that causes typhoid fever (Pike, 2014).
Water-borne transmission refers to diseases that are acquired via usually contaminated freshwater. Infection occurs during bathing, swimming, drinking, preparing of food, or in the consumption of food that has been infected with a water-borne pathogen. Most of water-borne pathogens are protozoa, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Common examples of water-borne pathogens are Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, and Legionella pneumophila, along with man...
In the Nepal’s example on the web, the child sickness was due to lack of education on food hygiene and lack of infrastructure (sanitation and drinking water). Thus, teaching the mother about treating water before drinking and the importance of hygiene in handling aliments would prevent the child diarrhea episode and even save the other son that died in the past from this disease.
Cholera is still an extremely significant disease worldwide with over 5 million cases being reported per year (Ruiting & Reeves, 2002). Cholera is a diarrheal illness that progresses rapidly and is contracted by ingesting the bacterium Vibrio cholerae which causes an intestinal infection (CDC, 2013). In many cases the illness is mild with hardly any symptoms at all, but in some cases it can become severe. Approximately 5 percent of people who are infected exhibit severe symptoms such as extreme watery diarrhea, leg cramps, and vomiting (CDC, 2013). These symptoms usually occur at a rapid pace and unless treated can further lead to dehydration and shock which can ultimately cause death within hours. It is estimated that over 100,000 deaths occur each year around the world due to Cholera. (CDC, 2013)
The most commonly recognized food borne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli 0157:H7, and by a group of viruses called Calicivirus, also know as the Norwalk viruses. “Thousands of types of bacteria are naturally present in our environment, but not all bacteria cause disease in humans.” (Schmutz 1)
Assessment of the common cold and flu virus yields knowledge that they are very similar in nature, with the flu effecting the individual’s body at a greater severity. Actions to confront the two is a yearly endeavor and at times requiring identical techniques of prevention. The cold still has no noticeable improvements in its treatments other than the pacification of the ailments’ symptoms.
Have you ever had to walk miles away just to get clean drinking water, or don’t even not have access to clean drinking water? People all over the world, even in North America, don’t have access to clean drinking water or have to walk very far just to drink water. The main areas where this problem is prominent is in third world countries, and this is due to the lack of money and sanitation (Millions Lack Safe Water). Due to this lack of sanitation, water borne diseases can grow and infect people who consume it. Clean water is very important for life, and within this paper I will explain why we need it, how it can affect us, and what it will take to obtain clean water.
for which no cure has yet been created. It is important to know however, that methods are currently available which can prevent the transfer of this virus, and even slow down its malicious effects. before they become fatal. It is equally important to know how to avoid getting the virus and also the symptoms in case you might run across them. They are all a lot.