Type: Prostital Disease Name: Toxoplasmosis Name of pathogen: Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a single celled parasitic organism, one of the world's most common parasites, infecting most warm- blooded species. The only known hosts for the protist are members of family Felidae (domestic cats and their relatives). Transmission People typically become infected by three principal routes of transmission. Food- Bourne Eating undercooked, contaminated meat (especially pork, lamb, and venison) Accidental ingestion of undercooked, contaminated meat after handling it and not washing hands thoroughly Eating food that was contaminated by kitchen utensils or other foods that had contact with raw, contaminated meat Zoonatic Accidental ingestion after cleaning an cat's litter box when the cat has Toxoplasma in its feces Accidental ingestion after touching or ingesting anything that has come into contact with a cat's feces that contain Toxoplasma Accidental ingestion of …show more content…
contaminated soil Drinking water contaminated with the Toxoplasma Congenital A mother who is newly infected with Toxoplasma can pass the infection to her unborn child (congenital infection). Rare instances of transmission Organ transplant recipients can become infected by receiving an organ from a infected donor. Rarely, people can also become infected by receiving infected blood via transfusion. Symptoms Healthy (Strong Immune System) Healthy individuals may not even know they have been infected with Toxoplasma gondii. as they often do exhibit symptoms because their immune system usually keeps the parasite from causing illness. Some people develop "flu-like" symptoms, such as body aches, swollen lymph nodes, headache, fever and fatigue that last for weeks to months and then go away. However, the parasite remains in their body in an inactive state. It can become reactivated if the person becomes immunosuppressed. Weak (Weakened immune system) As an individuals’ immune systems weaken, a previous toxoplasma infection may reactivate. They develop signs and symptoms of severe infection, including, headache, confusion, poor coordination, seizures, lung problems and blurred vision. Mother- to- child If a mother become infected just before or during her pregnancy, she can pass the infection to her baby (congenital toxoplasmosis).
Many infections end in stillbirth or miscarriage. Children who survive are likely to be born with serious problems, such as, seizures, an enlarged liver and spleen, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) and severe eye infections. Often, infected children don't develop signs and symptoms until later on, symptoms include hearing loss, mental disability or serious eye infections. Treatment Most healthy people recover from toxoplasmosis without treatment. Persons who are ill can be treated with a combination of drugs such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, plus folinic acid. Pregnant women, newborns, and infants can be treated, although the parasite is not eliminated completely. The parasites can remain within tissue cells in a less active phase; their location makes it difficult for the medication to completely eliminate them.
Prevention Wear gloves whenever you work outdoors and wash your hands thoroughly afterward. Don't eat raw or undercooked meat as they can harbor toxoplasma organisms. Wash kitchen utensils thoroughly after preparing raw meat in hot, soapy water to prevent cross contamination of other foods. Wash fresh fruits and vegetables and remove peels when possible, but only after washing. Don't consume unpasteurized dairy products as they may contain toxoplasma parasites. Cover children's sandboxes when your children aren't playing in it to keep cats from using it as a litter box.
Gardnerella vaginalis started a controversy due to different interpretations of its clinical significance, taxonomic position, and Gram stain reaction. The organism was first named Haemophilus vaginalis. However, it lacked some of the characteristics the Haemophilus species required. It was then referred to as Corynebacterium vaginale. It was later changed to Gardnerella vaginalis when a new genus was necessary (Catlin, 1992). This paper will focus on the characteristics of G. vaginalis and how it is identified.
This final microbe is far less dangerous and easier to comprehend than the formerly mentioned ones. Histoplasma Capsulatum, often called histoplasmosis, is caused by a fungus called Histoplasma (1). This fungus thrives within earthy environments with lots of soil filled with bird and bat droppings (1). It is found mainly in the United States, specifically within the central and eastern states, such as around the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys (1). The fungus can also be found within central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and small parts of Europe (1). While most people do not get sick, those who do become infected when breathing in the microscopic fungal spores in the air (1). Symptoms
Treponema pallidum is a Gram-negative bacterium that has a spiral shape (1). They are about 6 to 20um in length and 18-20um in diameter (1). Treponema pallidum can only survive within a host which makes them obligate internal parasites, meaning that outside a host this organism will die due to the absence of nutrients, exposure to oxygen and heat. Also since this organism can’t be grown on a culture medium, animal models are used to study T. pallidum (1). Treponema pallidum bacteria consist of an inner and outer membrane with a thin peptidoglycan cell wall lacking liposaccharides (1). They have a distinctive corkscrew motility with the aid of 6 endoflagellas (2). The specific classifications of Treponema pallidum are the following: Scientific name- Treponema pallidum, Common name- Syphilis. Treponema causes syphilis, yaws, and spinta. Borrelia causes Lyme disease and relapsing fever and Leptospira causing leptospirosis (5). What makes this microorganism special to the human population is that it causes infection to its host by entering the body through microscopic skin or mucous abrasions via direct personal contact with the lesions (sexual or kissing), blood transfusions, accidental bacterial inoculation, and transplacental passage (2). According to the CDC website there are 55,400 people diagnosed with Syphilis every year and 322 reported cases of congenital Syphilis in 2012 (6).
Treatment: Chemotherapy is on treatment method. Most infected people benefit from the treatments. To of the best drugs for treatment are Praziquantel and Oxamniquine. The side effects are mild and transient, some of then are as followed:
The presentation of squamous cell carcinoma varies according to stages of the cancer, types of lesions, and the underlying causes of neoplasm. Felines presented with squamous cell carcinoma would typically have lesions, erosions, crusting of epithelial cells, ulcerations and sometimes necrosis in serious conditions. At early stages, the cat would develop hyperplastic lesions and inflammation around the affected area. It will look erythematous and slightly crusty or scaly. As time passes, the signs become worse where the lesions become proliferative which exhibits a look of cauliflower- like masses. They are often ulcerated and have crusted lesions. Unfortunately, it bleeds easily when it is traumatized. The favored area of the neoplasms are usually at nose, eyelids, and pinnae where there are lack of pigmentation.
This paper tells about different methods as to which parasites enter the body. Each parasite is unique as to what problems they cause or diseases they carry. Some of these parasites can prove fatal unless treated, and if they are not treated carefully, they could still complicate an individual’s health. This paper also includes the places these parasites thrive and as to how to treat these parasites. Although most of these parasites are treatable, the treatment required is completely dependent upon what stage the parasites have progressed to. Some parasites are accompanied by a disease and are therefore not the primary health risk of getting infected. Nevertheless, if left untreated all of these parasites can host the body for large periods of time, which can lead to prolonged illness. Most of these parasites are found in third world countries, but under the right conditions can be found in the United States of America.
This disease may be on the brink of being eradicated entirely but that doesn’t stop it from being one of the grossest things that anyone has ever seen. The parasite enters the body via unsafe drinking water. When people drink water infected with water fleas that have have been hosting the larvae of the parasite. There are no symptoms, to begin with, but about one year later, blisters on the feet or legs begin to develop and then the adult fully developed worm crawls out of the host body over a period of a few weeks. It’s said that the pain is intense and can incapacitate a person for weeks at a time. The pain can also continue for months after the infection. The parasite needs to infect a person at least once a year in order to continue. There were an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 but the disease has been greatly reduced over time and only 22 cases were reported in 2015. This disease will probably be the first parasitic disease to be completely eradicated in humans.
Cats infected with the Feline Leukemia Virus are found worldwide, although the rates vary depending on age group and the general lifestyle of the cats. The virus is transmitted in a number of ways. It is commonly spread through body fluids, such as blood or saliva, or other bodily excrements. An infected cat eating or drinking with an uninfected cat could cause transmission, as well as an infected cat sharing a litter box with an uninfected cat. It can also be spread through grooming. Another common means of infection is a bite, especially in cats living primarily outside. The virus can also be spread in utero or through a kitten’s consumption of milk if the mother is infected. Feline Leukemia Virus is more common in kittens and young cats than in any other age group. A healthy cat that is in adulthood stand a much smaller chance of contracting the virus, especially if the cat has already been vaccination against ...
...k two nurses to change the dressing- one to lift the folds of skin and the other to pack the wound. Continuing to mark the date and the margins of the wound, Katie’s nurses and doctors were hoping for a survival. Nutritional support at this point was entered via gastrointestinal tubing and by this time Katie was going through major psychological wounds that needed healing as well. Sadly the doctors were not able to prepare Katie to go home. Despite fasciotomy and the surgery, her infection continued aggressively. Her wound after surgery had a foul-smelling drainage, which increased in amount every day. Local cellulitis developed at the IV site on her arm. Just 10 days after the first surgery she underwent a second infection spreading around her hip area. Despite all efforts by Katie and the hospital staff, she died of septic shock and multisystem organ failure after 30 days in intensive treatment. Although flesh-eating disease is always life threatening and in most cases results in a fatality, it doesn’t have to have an unhappy ending if you use prompt recognition and go to clinical expertise within the first sign of the disease. Don’t let it get you!
Ressel, L., Hetzel, U., & Ricci, E. (2016). Blunt Force Trauma in Veterinary Forensic Pathology. Veterinary Pathology, 53(5), 941-961. doi:10.1177/0300985816653988
Cryptosporidium infection is an illness caused by tiny cryptosporidium parasites. When the body is infected by these parasites they travel to the intestines. The main symptom of this infection is watery diarrhea. Other symptoms include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, headache and loss of appetite. In immune-competent people, it is a self-limited illness and could last about week or two while with immune-compromised people, the infection can be life threating and fatal.
...e possibilities of becoming infected with a zoonotic disease. Also it is important to make sure you clean fresh fruits and vegetables completely. http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/787/zoonoticDiseases . Also when storing food make sure the item is completely covered to avoid cross contamination especially when storing food in the refrigerator. Protect your pets with proper medical treatment.
You can also get salmonella poisoning from meat. People think that the problems come from eating red meat and are opting for fish over steak, but new evidence proves that fish can cause health problems too, risks that can’t be cooked away. This is a growing problem called histamine poisoning (Peck). Children are learning at a younger age that they don’t like meat, maybe because they don’t like the taste, or maybe it’s because they have a fear of eating their favorite cartoon or movie hero. For example, the pig from the movie “babe”.
• If you lost your baby because of an infection, you may be given medicine to treat the infection.
Clinical manifestations of pertussis in adolescents and adults are often less severe than in infants and children. If previously immunized, a prolonged cough may be the only symptom. Other symptoms may include sputum production, sweating episodes, and sore throat. Complications of pertussis can result in pneumonia or otitis media. A severe cough may contribute to urinary incontinence, rib fracture, lumbar strain, hernia, and rarely stroke, or seizure in relation to hypoxia (Cornia & Lipsky, 2017). Complications of pertussis may be more severe in the elderly, those with other comorbidities, or ones that are immunocompromised.