Problem Definition
Gastrointestinal disorders affect 35% - 75% of individuals throughout their life-time, from various causes including biological, social and psychological (Suarez, 2010).
The stomach is one of the organs in the gastrointestinal tract which can be linked to various aches and pains. Many causes of stomach aches can be easily diagnosed, and do not pose long term threats or problems (Melinda Ratini, 2013). Stomach aches stem from three main causes - emotions, viruses or bacteria.
Background
The stomach is a muscular pouch located beneath the diaphragm, with the principal function of storing food before it is released into the small intestine (Thompson, 2013). Along with food storage, the stomach is also responsible for beginning the digestion of protein and triglycerides (Tortora & Derrickson, 2009). It is composed of five layers, including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa and an extra coat of oblique muscle (Walker, 2014). Within the mucosa layer of the stomach, gastric glands are formed. These glands secrete gastrin, a significant secretion which impacts stomach functions (Walker, 2014). Gastrin stimulates parietal and chief cells, resulting in the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen. Gastrin also contracts the lower esophageal sphincter, eases the pyloric sphincter and enhances motility within the stomach (Tortora & Derrickson, 2009). The oblique muscle gives the stomach the ability to contract rapidly for the purpose of digesting food (Thompson, 2013). The stomach is responsible for processing food to be further digested, while the abdominal muscles work to process food and mix it with gastric liquid, resulting in the formation of chyme (Thompson, 2013). Chyme is then secreted, conta...
... middle of paper ...
...rovider must initiate a series of tests and assessments. This will begin with a physical exam, along with discussion about the various symptoms, subjective feelings, lifestyle activities, severity and onset of pain (Melinda Ratini, 2013). Depending on the proposed diagnoses, further tests such as blood tests, x-rays and ultrasounds can then be ordered (Larissa Hirsh, 2014). This will often indicate if the chief concern is a bacterial and viral infection. If the stomach ache is suspected to be resulting from emotional problems, it may be recommended to see a therapist to ease stress and therefore resolve the initial causes (Larissa Hirsh, 2014). Treatment for stomach pain varies depending on the cause, such as medications for inflammation and antibiotics for infections. In extreme cases of stomach ache, surgery may be necessary to rid the pain (Melinda Ratini, 2013).
The stomach naturally produces acid, which is mainly responsible for food digestion and the destruction of any foreign pathogen or bacteria ingested with food. Acid is secreted by stimulating the partial
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional GI disorder (FGID) characterized by abdominal pain in association with altered bowel habits in the absence of any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities. It is a very common disorder that can have a profound negative impact on a patient’s quality of life and constitutes a considerable social and economic burden on society. Extensive research over the last few decades has led to a better understanding of this complex syndrome and improvements in treatment. After a brief review of the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of IBS, the current understanding of the complex physiological mechanisms contributing to the syndrome will be addressed. The remainder of this paper will focus on a number of important topics at the interface of IBS and psychiatry, including psychiatric comorbidity in IBS, the complex role of psychosocial stressors in the onset and perpetuation of symptoms in IBS, and various considerations in the management of IBS from the perspective of psychiatry.
The pancreas can be divided into two sections when studying the histology. The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, each with unique cell types. The exocrine pancreas serves to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Some of the specific enzymes and secreted substances are Proteases, lipase, amylase, bicarbonate, and water (Bowen, “Exocrine Secretions”). These enzymes are used to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates respectively. The bicarbonate simply act as an acid buffer to prevent damage of the small intestine as the stomach acid must be neutralized. The enzymes are created in acinar cells and the bicarbonate is synthesized in epithelial cells surrounding pancreatic ducts (Bowen “Exocrine
Crohn’s disease is a disease that causes inflammation, swelling, and irritation to any part of the digestive tract which is also known as the gastrointestinal tract or GI tract. The disease most commonly targets the ileum which is a part in the small intestine. The digestive tract is organs that connect your mouth to your anus and it releases hormones and enzymes for the digestion in food. The inflammation caused by the disease goes deep into the lining of the digestive tract. It creates a stricture in the small intestine which is a narrowing of the pathway that can slow the movement of food through the intestine. The stricture can then move to large intestine which can cause many problems for absorption. When the disease causes the intestine to swell it can also be very problematic because the large intestine wouldn’t be able to function properly. Crohn’s disease is considered as an inflammatory bowel disease.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition with significant relapses and remissions and an increased mortality. A Norwegian study has shown that after 10 year the colectomy rate was 9.8%.19 The IBSEN study showed that 83% of people initially had reoccurring disease. Although 50% were shown to be symptomless after five years.19 This study also demonstrated that 20% of people with proctitis or left-sided colitis progressed to extensive colitis.19
The digestive system, in organisms like the mink and human, is supposed to break down the food being eaten to transfer into energy. This energy helps other functions of the body that would in turn keep it alive. The digestive system includes organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver, etc. Digestion starts at the mouth, though.
4)Stomach: The stomach squeezes and mixes food with enzymes for hours before it releases the mixture into the small intestine.
Although no definite cause for IBS has been identified, people who are most likely to be affected are females, 20-30 years old, and have a family history of the disease. Certain foods, hormones and stress can trigger irregular contractions of the intestines leading to unpleasant ...
Existentialists mean that we can't rationalize, since we can't explain human fear, anguish, and pain. To rationalize is absurd, because in the final analysis, we will find nothing. Life is absurd. This leads to the term Nothingness. Thus, since we can't find a meaning of life more than what we attempt to create by ourselves, we anguish.
...ve eaten, to break down the food into a liquid mixture and to slowly empty that liquid mixture into the small intestine. Once the bolus has entered your stomach it begins to be broken down with the help of the strong muscles and gastric juices which are located in the walls of your stomach. The gastric juices are made up of hydrochloric acid, water, and mucus- and the main enzyme inside of your stomach is what is known as pepsin, which needs to be surrounded in an acidic setting in order to do its job, that is to break down protein. Once the bolus has been inside of your stomach for long enough it begins to form into a liquid called chyme, and what keeps the chyme from flowing back into our esophagus are ring shaped muscles known as sphincters located at the beginnings and ends of the stomach and they have the task of controlling the flow of solids and liquids.
Once in the stomach, the glands that are there begin to secrete enzymes and a mucous that help to protect the stomach from its own acids. While this is being done, the muscles of the stomach are contracting. This causes the food to be turned and moved all throughout the stomach. This process turns the food into chyme, which is just a liquefied version of the food that was first taken...
There may be murmurs about that girl who only fixes herself a salad with only vinegar at dining services or suspicious glances at someone who spends 45 minutes on the treadmill and then switches to the stair stepper at the rec. On-campus eating disorders are talked about everywhere and yet are not really talked about at all. There is observation, concern, and gossip, but hushed conversation and larger scale efforts to help and change never seem to earn public attention.
Now the Cheetos have entered the stomach. The process of breaking down carbohydrates has already begun in the mouth and now more chemical and mechanical digestion will take place in the stomach. Once the bolus has entered the stomach, it mixes with gastric juice, starts protein digestion, and absorbs a limited amount. Here the chief cells secrete the inactive enzyme pepsinogen and the parietal calls secrete hydrochloric acid. When mixed together, they create pepsin. The pepsin works to breakdown the two grams of protein present in the Cheetos. Hormones are also present in the stomach and aid in the digestion process. The hormone, gastrin, increases the secretory activity of gastric glands. In the stomach, some salt from the Cheetos is absorbed through the wall. The Cheetos that entered the stomach has no...
Eating as entertainment is often referred to as emotional eating, which means using food to fulfill some other emotional need like loneliness, boredom, or sadness. You might sit in front of the TV and eat a whole pack of cookies. Or, you might find yourself eating a gallon of ice cream that one weekend when all of your friends are too busy to hang out. Emotional eating can lead to problems losing weight or result in you gaining unwanted pounds. if you are having problems with eating to entertain yourself, you need to learn how to [[Eat Healthy | develop a healthier approach to eating]].
How do you know when you are addicted to something? Is it a choice or just an effect? What most people do not understand, is that no one really chooses to be an addict. Being addicted to something such as drugs, alcohol, and food, is not due to someone waking up one day and choosing to not be in control. It is mostly due to deeper issues like depression, influences upbringing and where you live, things, which lead someone on the path for their search of an escape.