Functional ankle instability is described as the tendency of the foot to ‘give way’.1 Functional instability (FI) is defined as the subjective feeling of ankle instability or recurrent, symptomatic ankle sprains (or both) due to proprioceptive and neuromuscular deficits.2 Individuals reporting giving way in the absence of a mechanical deficit are usually classified as having FAI.Incidents of the ankle “giving way”, is reported in 40% to 60% of individuals who suffer at least one ankle sprain. 3,12,16,19,26
Self-reported questionnaires are a common method used in identifying individuals with ankle instability. Since functional ankle instability (FAI) lacks a "gold standard'' measure, a variety of self-reported ankle instability measures have been created which include the Ankle Instability Instrument (AII), Ankle Joint Functional Assessment Tool, Chronic Ankle Instability Scale, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), Foot and Ankle Instability Questionnaire, and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score & the Identification of Functional Ankle instability (IdFAI).
Simon and Donahue developed the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability questionnaire (IdFAI), specifically designed to detect whether individuals meet a minimum criteria necessary for inclusion in an FAI population.(6)
The IdFAI is based on 2 previous FAI instruments: the CAIT (Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool) and the AII (Ankle Instability Instrument). One of the main elements included in the IdFAI, which is not in any other questionnaire, is a specific definition of giving way. This definition was provided to ensure that all individuals understood the term and answered questions based on the same definition. The definition included in...
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... Phys Ther. 2007;37((2)):72–84. [PubMed]
ANNEXURE
CONSENT FORM
Title of the Project: Reliability of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) scale in various Age Groups.
Name of the Student: Pallavi Chogale
Name of the Guide: Dr. Reshma Gurav (PT)
I confirm that I have read/explained and understood the information for the above study.
I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at any time giving any reason.
I have been assured that confidentiality will be maintained throughout the project and information collected will be used for study purpose only.
I agree to take part in the above research study.
_________________________ _____________ _________________________ (Name of the Subject: optional) (Date) (Signature)
Sussmilch-Leitch, S. P., Collins, N., Bialocerkowski, A. E., Warden, S. J., & Crossley, K. M. (2012). Physical therapies for achilles tendinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research , 1-16.
5. The effect of taping versus semi-rigid bracing on patient outcome and satisfaction in ankle sprains: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders [serial online]. January 2012;13(1):81-87. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 23, 2014.
This article is about the results of a survey conducted by three PhD’s; Janet Simon, Matthew Donahue, and Carrie Docherty, and was published by the International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training. The purpose of the survey was to determine Athletic Trainers current utilization of ankle support, and to determine ATs current attitudes towards the use of ankle taping and bracing. It gives some history and benefits of ankle bracing and taping, and how it has become a multimillion dollar industry, considering that 66-73% of all college athletes have reported an ankle sprain. Also, a third of people with ankle sprains will either re-sprain the ankle or report feelings of instability after the initial sprain. Ankle taping has become essential part of sports medicine,
Murray H, Husk L. (2001) Effect of kinesio taping on proprioception in the ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31; A-37.
Plantar fasciitis is caused from muscles and ligaments that alter the calcaneous (the big bone on hill of foot) (Daniels and Morrell 2012). The alteration of these muscles and ligaments will inflict pain and discomfort on the patient, and if not treated will cause failure of ligaments, bones, and muscles. The patient was tested with a simple squat technique that showed his heels were coming off the ground (Daniels and M...
You badly want to get your body in shape so you decided to run every morning. However, after each run, your lower leg suffers from pain and the pain seems to occur from the inner side of your lower leg. This might be a case of shin splints.
Anderson, D. I., & Sidaway, B. (2013) Kicking biomechanics: Importance of balance. Lower Extremity Review Magazine.
Surve, I., Schwellnus, M.P., Noakes, T. and Lombard, C. (1994). A ®vefold reduction in the incidence of recurrent ankle sprains in soccer players using the sport-stirrup orthosis. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 22, 601±606.
High school football players sustain a major proportion of season injuries. A major part of these regions are due to ligament sprains, targeted stretching exercises may be beneficial. The most injured players were those with the position of running back and linebackers. In the 2005-2006 season there were more than half a million injuries nationally of high school football players. This data was collected from over 100 high school football teams.
An ankle fracture is a break in one or more of the three bones that make up the ankle joint. The ankle joint is made up by the lower (distal) sections of your lower leg bones (tibia and fibula) along with a bone in your foot (talus). Depending on how bad the break is and if more than one ankle joint bone is broken, a cast or splint is used to protect and keep your injured bone from moving while it heals. Sometimes, surgery is required to help the fracture heal properly.
Ankle injuries rank as the most common injury in athletics today, and compared to men, women basketball players are 25 % to 60% more susceptible to spraining their ankles. The article began by hypothesizing that this rate is so high in women, because ankle-strength is due to an inversion-eversion muscle strength ratio that is associated with ankle injuries. And past experiments have proven that women, on average, have less muscle strength at the ankle than men. It was stated that this experiment was conducted for three reasons; “ Nonweight bearing studies tend to underestimate inversion and eversion strengths, no studies of inversion or eversion strengths have been reported in women’s ankles bearing full body weight, and there are no sex comparisons of inversion and eversion strength in the ankle.” Also, they wanted to see if there was a relation between ankle strength and shoe type. The experimenters tested the strength in the degree of the inward and outward motion of the ankle, and if shoe height would affect ankle strength development. They took twenty young women that were relatively the same height and weight and normally wore a size 8 shoe. The women were then scaled from 0 to10, based on self-reported habitual physical activity. Zero denoted inactivity and ten denoted sports at the Division I collegiate level. The data shows that the women’s active range was measured with a goniometer. Their ankle strength in dorsiflexion-plantarflexion and inversion-eversion was tested by using an isokenetic dyanometer, and other strength tests. The results showed that both shoe height and ankle plantar flexion did not affect eversion movement development. Which meant that eversion strength was not affected by shoe type. This data was then compared to another experiment that used the same methods but was tested on males and found that there are no significant sex differences, and found that in young healthy adults that ankle strength is proportional to body size.
The most common musculoskeletal disorder and a major cause of disability in people over 65 years is osteoarthritis (OA) (Felson DT et al, 1987) (1). According to World Health Organization (WHO) report, OA of knee is more likely to become the fourth most important cause of disability in women, and the eighth most important cause in men (Murray CJL, Lopez AD, 1997)(2) . Primary prevention of knee OA has become a major health care aim and a clear understanding of the risk factors is required to design preventive strategies. Many investigations reported obesity, previous history of knee injury, sedentary life style, hand OA (Heberden’s nodes), and a familial history of the disease are major risk factors for OA of knee (Cyrus Cooper et al, 2000) (3). In spite of recent advancements the causes and pathogenesis of knee OA remains largely unknown (A Teichtahl, A Wluka, F M Cicuttini, 2003) (4) but however there is increasing research interest in the contribution of biomechanical variables on progression and management of the disease (Andriacchi TP, 1991) (5).
Touhy, T. A., Jett, K. F., Ebersole, P., & Hess, P. A. (2010). Ebersole and Hess' gerontological nursing & healthy aging (3rd ed.). Bone and Joint Problems (pp. 285-287). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier.
...te the foot is pronated. Author justifies that pronated foot will increase the dorsiflexion.Thereis no linear relation found between the ankle dorsiflexion and the chronic heel pain. This correlates the foot posture and the dorsiflexion range of motion, but in the chi-square test it shows the independence of the two variables. Previous study as found the association between the ankle dorsiflexion and strain on the plantar fascia, author determines research requires finding association of the increase in translation of the tibia straining the plantar fascia.
Achilles tendinopathy (previously referred to as achilles tendinitis) is a very commonly diagnosed injury in active populations, and especially among runners. Previously referred to as achilles tendinitis, this condition has recently been shown to be more of a failed healing response in the tendon than an inflammatory response to stress 1. Among the most commonly diagnosed overuse injuries, achilles tendinopathy (AT) accounts for 5-18% of running injuries, and occurs in about 7 – 9% of runners. 2 3 The repetitive motion of running and/or jumping can easily overload the tendon, and push it beyond its ability to recover from the stresses placed on it. Symptoms are commonly experienced at either the midportion or insertion of the tendon and include