Ephedra: Asking For Trouble?
A member of the phylum Gnetophyta, the Ephedra genus is a perennial, dioecious shrub that reaches 1 1/2 to 4 feet tall (7). There are multiple species of this genus that inhabit the desert regions in certain parts of the world. The three species E. sinica, E. intermedia, and E. equisetina are found in Asia, particularly China and Mongolia. Ephedra distacha is from Europe. India and Pakistan are home to E. gerardiana. North American species consist of E. nevadensis (Mormon tea), E. viridis (desert tea), E. americana, and E. trifurca (7). It takes an average of four years for the shrub to achieve maturation (10) and is harvested in the fall (11). Ephedra has been used medicinally for hundreds, even thousands of years in the regions where it grows.
For more than 5000 years, Ephedra's stems have been dried to cure multiple ailments in China. The first records of its use can be found in a Chinese compilation of herbs called Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (11), which dates back to the first century A.D. (5) E. sinica, called Tsaopen-Ma Huang (2), is the most common species used. Ma Huang refers to the stem and branch, whereas Ma Huanggen refers to the root and rhizome. Ma Huang was used primarily in the treatment of the common cold, asthma, hay fever, bronchitis, edema, arthritis, fever, hypotension, and urticaria (hives). Ma Huanggen's effect is believed to oppose that of the stem and branches. Its use was limited to the treatment of profuse night sweating" (7). Ma Huang was believed to relieve other ailments such as headaches, urinary tract infections, and venereal diseases (10).
The Chinese prepared Ephedra different ways, such as extracts and compresses. However, the most common preparation of Ma Huang was as a tea. The stems were dried in the sun and either broken into pieces or crushed into a powder. It was then boiled in a mixture of honey and water. Sometimes it was boiled until only the residue remained, and then consumed (8).
Tea appears to be the most common preparation of Ephedra as a medicine in India and North America as well. In India and Pakistan, the stems of E. geradinia were used to treat asthma (8). An ancient collection of Hindu sacred writings called the Rigved gives mention of a drink called soma. Soma was a juice made from Ephedra and was believed to promote longevity (6).
McKenna, Verna J. "YTURRIA, FRANCISO." 08 March 2011. Handbook of Texas Online. Web. 5 May 2014.
Peyote was originally described in 1560, however it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that botanists were able to conduct field research and correctly classify the cactus (Anderson, 1980). Field studies have concluded that there are two distinct populations of peyote which represent two species. The first and most common, Lophophora williamsii extends from southern Texas reaching south to the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. The second and least common of the two species is Lophophora difusa, which occurs in the dryer terrain of the Mexican state of Queretaro. This species differs from the more common species by, "being yellowish-green rather than blue green in color, by lacking any type of ribs or furrows, by having poorly developed podaria (elevated humps), and by being a softer, more succulent plant" (Anderson 1980). Native Americans use peyote in their religious practices because of its psychoactive properties, and is usually eaten as mescal buttons, the dried, brown pieces of the above part of the cactus (Lewis, 1977).
Cisco Designs, manufactures, and sells Internet Protocol (IP) - based networking and other products related to the communications and information technology (IT) industry and provide services associated with these products and their use. The company provides products for transporting data, voice within buildings, across campuses and globally. The products are utilized at enterprise businesses, public institutions, telecommunications companies and other service providers, commercial businesses, and personal residences. Cisco conducts its business globally and manages its business geographically. Its business is divided into the following three geographic segments: The Americans; Europe, M...
telephone as a major constant business tool. This multi-line digital phone sets the new standard in easy
Herbal medicine has been around for thousands of years. “The ancient Chinese, Indians, Egyptians, Babylonians, and Native Americans were all herbalists”(Herbs Friends of Physicians). The ancient Greeks and Romans were also herbalists (Herbs Friends of Physicians). Traditional medicine was the dominant medical system used in both rural and urban areas until the arrival of Europeans changed the medical
on herbal folk remedies used by Aztec women. It was found that some of herbs they were using
useful in the relief of mild to moderate pain. It is also used as a cough remedy
Many things have helped contribute to how the European civilization impacted America. many thing like Judeo-Christian tradition and Greek Roman tradition had an impact on the European civilization . I feel that both tradition had majors impacts on the european civilization due to the ten commandments, monotheism , teachings of Jesus , Athenian democracy , school of Athens image, Roman Republic and ,democracy. In this essay i will explore how different thing impacted our country as we know it today.
A Midsummer Night’s Dream, written by William Shakespeare, is a tale of when trickery interferes with love, causing lots of twist and turns in the romantic relationships of the characters Hermia, Lysander, Demetrius, and Helena. Within the first 100 lines, preliminary stressors are revealed. Hermia’s father, Egeus, has spoken his complaints to King Oberon about his trepidation regarding the love triangle Hermia has put herself into with Lysander, her lover, and Demetrius, Egeus’ choice. Even though Demetrius is aware of the love Lysander and Hermia have, this does not discourage him from continuing to pursue her. Furthermore, another Athenian woman, Helena, repeatedly professes her love to Demetrius just to be ridiculed
...ny legal systems in the European and other countries influenced by Europe, like, the United States. Ancient Rome had an impact of the government of other countries, like, the United States. As the Romans, we run a system of government that included an executive branch and for them it was the consul. Another similrity is that Ancient Rome's twelve tables is similar to our Bill of Rights.
Prunella Vulgaris is flavinoid rich, an anti-inflammatory, high in tannins, and used in many existing herpes treatments. Tea Tree Oil is also an anti-viral, though it has no effect on the herpes virus after it has penetrated the cell and can be irritating to mucous membranes. St. John’s Wort is a very old traditional treatment studied since the early 90’s with no definitive effect on the herpes virus. St John’s Wort also interacts with numerous drugs, including oral contraceptives, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and triptans (migrane medications). Aloe Vera has anti-viral qualities and helps soothe and speed healing of existing lesions. Geranium Maculatum was an addition to the ingredients that puzzled us, as this is an herbal remedy that was used in the 1800’s primarily to treat diarrhea, and has no known effect or benefit to treat herpes. Geranium Maculatum is also high in
In the first part of the play Egeus has asked the Duke of Athens, Theseus, to rule in favor of his parental rights to have his daughter Hermia marry the suitor he has chosen, Demetrius, or for her to be punished. Lysander, who is desperately in love with Hermia, pleads with Egeus and Theseus for the maiden’s hand, but Theseus’, who obviously believes that women do not have a choice in the matter of their own marriage, sides with Egeus, and tells Hermia she must either consent to marrying Demetrius, be killed, or enter a nunnery. In order to escape from the tragic dilemma facing Hermia, Lysander devises a plan for him and his love to meet the next evening and run-off to Lysander’s aunt’s home and be wed, and Hermia agrees to the plan. It is at this point in the story that the plot becomes intriguing, as the reader becomes somewhat emotionally “attached’’ to the young lovers and sympathetic of their plight. However, when the couple enters the forest, en route to Lysander’s aunt’s, it is other mischievous characters that take the story into a whole new realm of humorous entertainment...
VOIP what are the advantages of having the system. Cost savings, cost reduction, phone portability, Service mobility and integration with other applications. The cost saving is extremely less expensive than the old Private Branch Exchange (PBX). There are no charges for long distance calls and online directories. The company saves money on equipment, lines and manpower. The local service providers provide an assortment of services. The VOIP system supports email, instant messages, video conference calls and sending images. VOIP will run the regular systems like phone and fax. Today’s world is full of on the go technology. Phones can go anywhere as long as they have an IP connection. IP phones have the same numbers and go anywhere in the world. Service is available almost everywhere for the IP phones. This makes the office mobile. The call features and the voicemail access to the security features and service policies. The VOIP is part of a larger trend toward converged communications. Emailing systems along with web browsers are what the new generations live on. The social-networking crowd loves the systems. VOIP makes this all possible. The data networks are becoming increasingly reliable and high-speed networks.
What are the definitions of poor and poverty ? Many people hear the words poverty and have different meanings, so how do we know which definition and I poor is the correct one? According to many people poverty may mean a person who does not have any money to do the things they want to do, however most people can afford to live only on the things they truly need. This is just one example; there are many other definitions of the word poverty. Then what do people consider to be the meaning of the word poor? Some may say poor is not having enough money for that extra something at the supermarket or at the mall. What exactly are the true definitions of each word, and how do you tell the words apart and how do you know what to believe.
The Lovers have a lot of drama between the four of them. Lysander and Hermia love each other and Demetrius and Helena are suppose to be together, but instead Demetrius no longer loves Helena and loves Hermia. Hermias father Egeus wants Hermia to get married to Demetrius but is unable to change her mind on Lysander. He tells her that she has four days to decide on marrying Demetrius which is the day of Theseus and Hippolytas wedding. She has the choice of either marrying Demetrius, becoming a nun or she can face death. Hermia and Lysander decide to run away into the forest to be together. Helena and Demetrius end up in the forest as well. The fairy Oberon feels bad for Helena because the one she loves doesn’t love her back. Puck the fairy is suppose to put a spell on Demetrius so when he wakes up he sees Helena and falls in love with her but instead the spell is placed on Lysander so now he loves Helena not Hermia. Demetrius gets the spell and now both Lysander and Demetrius love Helena and Hermia is confused. The spell is taken off so Hermia and Lysander can love each other again and Demetrius actually falls in love with Helena for real.