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Research essays on the photoelectric effect free
Aspects of photoelectric effect
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Contents
Introduction: 2
What is the photoelectric effect? 2
Origin of the photoelectric effect: 3
5
Modern day applications of the photoelectric effect: 5
Bibliography: 6
Contributors: 6
On how the photoelectric effect affects our daily lives
Christiaan Myburgh
Elmar Roux
Tijmen van der Steenhoven
Introduction:
The photoelectric effect has a big effect on our daily lives. It is used in several important technological devices, like solar panels and anti-burglary sensors. The effect was discovered over a long period of time and several scientists’ research contributed to it, but Albert Einstein was the scientists who figured out a correct formula to determine the energy of a photoelectron (the electron that is ejected because of the photon that hits the electron in the atom)
What is the photoelectric effect?
The photoelectric effect is when photons of light hits an atom. That photons energy is converted and ejects an electron. Each element needs a certain amount of frequency and wavelength to react in this manner.
How to test for this: a Metal plate is attached to a galvanometer with two wires, if a light with the right frequency and wavelength is shone upon it, a current will be registered with the galvanometer. (A Galvanometer measures the electric current and the flow of it.) The readings might show that electrons have been ejected. The ejected electrons flow through wires to the galvanometer and that causes a reading.
Origin of the photoelectric effect:
The first scientist to notice the photoelectric effect was Heinrich Herts, in 1887.
He observed that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light causes electrodes to spark more easily.
JJ Thomson was the first to identify the sparks the metals emitted as electron...
... middle of paper ...
...ns.wikidot.com/photoelectric-effect http://www.ask.com/question/photoelectric-effect-practical-uses http://www.scienceclarified.com/Oi-Ph/Photoelectric-Effect.html http://chemistry.about.com/od/electronicstructure/a/photoelectric-effect.htm Each one of these websites was accessed on the 19-04-2014
Contributors:
Christiaan Myburgh: interpreted the information and chose the phrased the final content. Typed report
Parents supplied debones subs, coffee as well as snacks.
Elmar Roux: Supplied the information and research.
Typed report
Supplied Steers, coffee, cookies.
Tijmen van der Steenhoven: Designed and typed presentation.
Typed report.
Supplied steak and chips!!!!, coffee.
William Shockley was born on February 13, 1910 in London, England. He is most famously noted for winning the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. He won this for being the co-inventor of the transistor with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain. Shockley’s parents were both Americans. His father, William Hillman Shockley, was a mining engineer born in Massachusetts. His mother, Mary Bradford, was a federal deputy surveyor of mineral lands. They returned to America when William was just a baby. They both were very encouraging for his love and passion for science, as well as his neighbor who was a professor of physics at Stanford. He got his B. Sc. Degree at the California Institute of Technology in 1932. Four years later he got his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He wrote his doctoral thesis on the energy band structure of sodium chloride. The title of this thesis was “Calculation of Electron Wave Functions in Sodium Chloride Crystals.”
This aspect of relativity explained the phenomena of light bending around the sun, predicted black holes as well as the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) -- a discovery rendering fundamental anomalies in the classic Steady-State hypothesis. For his work on relativity, the photoelectric effect and blackbody radiation, Einstein received the Nobel Prize in 1921.
In 1907, Einstein used Planck’s hypothesis of quantization to explain why the temperature of a solid changed by different amounts if you put the same amount of heat into the material. Since the early 1800’s, the science of spectroscopy had shown that different elements emit and absorb specific colors of light called “spectral lines.” In 1888, Johannes Rydberg derived an equation that described the spectral lines emitted by hydrogen, though nobody could explain why the equation worked. This changed in 1913 when Danish physicist Niel Bohr applied Planck’s hypothesis of quantization to Ernest Rutherford’s 1911 “planetary” model of the atom, which affirmed that electrons orbited the nucleus the same way that planets orbit the sun. Bohr offered an explanation for why electrical attraction does not make the electrons spiral into the nucleus. He said that electrons in atoms can change their energy only by absorbing or emitting quanta. When an electron absorbs a quantum it moves quickly to orbit farther from nucleus. When an electron emits a quantum the electron jumps to a closer
Light is both part particle and part wave. Light is “the electromagnetic radiation that may be perceived by the human eye”. It consists of photons, which are massless bundles of concentrated electromagnetic energy. Light’s lower frequency is red, and the higher frequency is blue. Like sound, light has frequencies humans can’t detect. Ultraviolet light is at a frequency higher than violet, and infrared is at the frequency lower than the red of visible light. We get UV (ultraviolet) rays from the sun, and infrared is used in night vision to see better.
Individual atoms can emit and absorb radiation only at particular wavelengths equal to the changes between the energy levels in the atom. The spectrum of a given atom therefore consists of a series of emission or absorption lines. Inner atomic electrons g... ... middle of paper ... ... a sensitive multielement inorganic analyses.
(Bushong, 2013, p. 405). This phenomenon of electron emission following light stimulation is called photoemission. The emission of just one electron through photoemission is dependent upon numerous light photons. The amount of electrons produced by the photocathode is directly proportional to how much light reaches it from the input phosphor, which is directly proportional to the intensity of the initial x-ray beam. These electrons will be accelerated to the anode where they will pass through a small hole to the output phosphor.
The history of engineering goes back into the 19th century when Alexander Volta (1745-1827) made a remarkable discover regarding the nature of electricity (Cosgrove 749). He discovered that electrical current could be controlled and could flow from one point to another. By the time the mid-19th century came about the rules for electricity were being established. During this time electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday who lived from 1791 to 1867 (749). Also during this time Samuel Morris invented the telegraph in 1837 which relies on the principles of electromagnetic induction (749). Alexander Graham Bell, who lived from 1847 to 1922, created the telephone which also uses electricity in order to operate (749). Through the success of the telephone, Bell Telephone Company was established. In 1878, the light bulb was finally invented by Thomas Edison who lived from 1847 to 1931 (749). Off the principles of Faraday’s electric motor from 1821, Nicholas Tesla invented a more efficient and powerful electric motor in 1888 (749). To make these inventions be more significant, effort was expended to make better motors and transformers and to enhance the power needed to make them function. Through these inventions during the middle 19th century, it led to the capability of lighting homes and cities through the use of electricity, and it also led to the creation of the telephone communication system (750).
Humans these days take electricity for granted. We don’t truly understand what life was like without it. Most young adults will tell you their life does not depend on electricity, but they aren’t fooling anyone. They all know that their life depends on electricity; whether it’s television, their phone, Google, or the lights in their house. We need to stop taking those things for granted and give credit where credit is due. That is why I chose to write about the scientists who contributed to the discovery of electricity, which then helped modern scientists fuel the electricity phenomenons we now have today.
Michael Faraday is a British physicist and chemist, best known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and of the laws of electrolysis. He was born in 1791 to a poor family in London, Michael Faraday was extremely curious, questioning everything. He felt an urgent need to know more. At age 13, he became an errand boy for a bookbinding shop in London. He read every book that he bound, and decided that one day he would write a book of his own. He became interested in the concept of energy, specifically force. Because of his early reading and experiments with the idea of force, he was able to make important discoveries in electricity later in life. He eventually became a chemist and physicist.
Solar Cell Experiment Aim: To see how individual factors affect the output of a solar cell. Factors affecting the output of a solar cell: This experiment is going to be performed in the confines of a school laboratory, and so the complexity and cost of the experiment(s) should reflect this. However, to see how different factors affect the solar cell output, I will need to perform at least two experiments. The question is, which ones? · Distance from the light source will affect the solar cell output, because intensity of light on the solar cell will decrease, the further away from the light the cell is.
Radioactivity is the energy or particles that are released from the nucleus of an atom due to spontaneous changes. Some atoms are unstable, and emitting radiation will achieve a stable state. The main forms of radiation emissions from a decaying and unstable nucleus can be in the form of alpha, beta or gamma radiation. When a positively-charged particle is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, this is called alpha decay. This alpha particle would consist of two protons and two neutrons, similar to a helium-4 nucleus. Whereas when a particle, either as an electron with either negative or positive charge, is emitted from the nucleus, this would be known as beta decay. And finally, when a nucleus is at a high energy state, photons known as gamma particles would be released to lower the energy state. Worldwide, people have found the use of radioactivity for society, from scientific applications to medical uses and to industrial uses. However, there are many positive and negative effects of using radioactivity.
The importance of physics not only lies in the discoveries of the natural world, but in the technology in our modern lives. Today we use many gadgets in our everyday tasks, which act as convenient aids to all of our needs. Some of these little novelties are cell phones, radios, computers, lasers used in eye surgery, fiber optics used in phone lines, calculators, hearing aids, and even global positioning systems.
A form of electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength, which human eyes have the ability of detecting is known as light. Light is a form of energy, that stimulates sight and makes objects visible. Light, mostly electrical light, plays an extremely important role in today’s modern society, as it is an important form of energy that allows humans to live the convenient life they currently live. One of the obvious uses of light energy in one’s daily life is to provide light, allowing one to see their surroundings and avoid living and working in the dark. Electric light is the most used form of artificial light, and is found to be used in almost everything, from providing interior lighting for building and houses, to providing exterior light for nighttime
The photovoltaic effect, electricity can be created directly from sunlight. Some semi-conductor materials that are exposed to sunlight can create electron-hole pairs, which can be collected to produce electricity. This occurs when photons have energy above a certain threshold. These photons have shorter wavelengths. In silicon, the threshold for electron-hole production is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
From a discovery made by one of his associates, he patented the Edison effect (now called thermionic diode), which is the basis for all electron tubes. Edison will forever be remembered for his contributions to the incandescent light bulb. Even though he didn't dream up the first light bulb ever crafted, and technology continues to change every day, Edison's work with light bulbs was a spark of brilliance on the timeline of invention.