Image intensification is the process of converting x-ray into visible light. “Early fluoroscopic procedures produced visual images of low intensity, which required the radiologist's eyes to be dark adapted and restricted image recording. In the late 1940s, with the rapid developments in electronics and borrowing the ideas from vacuum tube technology, scientists invented the x-ray image intensifier, which considerably brightened fluoroscopic images” (Wang & Blackburn, 2000, np). We will explore the image-intensification tube, the various gain parameters associated with the tube, and the magnification mode of the image intensifier.
The image-intensifying tube is extremely intricate and allows for the conversion of the x-ray beam to be converted
As x-rays exit the patient, they interact with a cesium iodide input phosphor which converts the x-ray energy into visible light. Cesium iodide crystals are a tightly packed layer of linear needles which help improve spatial resolution by allowing little light dispersion. Attached to the input phosphor is the photocathode. Bushong describes the photocathode as, “a thin metal layer usually composed of cesium and antinomy compounds that respond to stimulation of input phosphor light by the emission of electrons.” (Bushong, 2013, p. 405). This phenomenon of electron emission following light stimulation is called photoemission. The emission of just one electron through photoemission is dependent upon numerous light photons. The amount of electrons produced by the photocathode is directly proportional to how much light reaches it from the input phosphor, which is directly proportional to the intensity of the initial x-ray beam. These electrons will be accelerated to the anode where they will pass through a small hole to the output phosphor. The output phosphor, made of zinc cadmium sulfide, is where the electrons produced through photoemission will interact and produce light. It is extremely
In dentistry there is a need for taking an x-ray, the x-ray is a way to help the dentist diagnose a patients oral hygiene and to see if there are any other areas in the mouth that may need to have any type of work. The dentist or the assistant will want to make sure that they can get all the teeth possible in the radiograph (x-ray) as possible to reduce the amount of exposure to the patient. Most people will have exposure to radiation just from standing outside in the sun for a long period of time, which is what we call “background exposure”.
Today I’m going to inform you about X-ray Technology its history and how it been advancing since it’s been invented. Also will inform you how it is currently helping doctors and their patients.
These gamma rays, produced by the annihilation of a positron and an electron, leave the patient’s body and are detected by the PET scanner. The detection of positron-annihilation events forms the heart of any PET scanner. In most systems, the Gamma detector is a BGO (bismuth germinate oxide) crystal, a high-density scintillator. When it is combined with high performance photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), the detection of 511 KeV gamma rays is possible.
on the primary beam is that it limits the x-ray beam field size. The beam restricting device alters
Driver, (2013), described the DEXA scanner as a machine that produces two x-ray beams of high and low energy levels. Much like fluoroscopy, the x-ray from the DEXA scanner comes from underneath the patient, and the scanner has a very low x-ray dose. Earlier versions of the DEXA scanner emitted radiation which required up to five minutes to scan an area of interest, but the more advanced machines can take as ...
...s in one direction to acquire a single image slice. For another slice to be imaged the x-ray tube would again rotate another 360 degrees but on opposite direction. However this has been changed over the years and has been implemented a Slip-Ring technology which replaced the old high tension cables. In this way the new CT scanner x-ray tube had the ability to rotate continuously around the patient and in the same time the table was moving through the gantry to acquire data in a form of a Spiral or Helical. Therefore the new generation of CT scanners is called Spiral or Helical CT. The advantages of the new scanners are that the volume data can be reconstructed in any other planes (sagittal, coronal and three dimensional images), also there is a short time scan therefore radiation to the patient is minimized and also the artefact caused by patient motion is reduced.
Radiation therapists work closely with patients to fight cancer. According to Health Care Careers, Oncologists, Dosimetrists and nurses are some of the professionals that a radiation therapist works with while caring for a cancer patient. This group of professionals will determine a specialized treatment plan. The first step usually includes a CT scan performed by a radiologist to find the exact area that needs to be targeted with x-rays. Next, the therapist uses a special machine that emits radiation called a Linear Accelerator. They use this machine during a treatment called external beam therapy. During this process, the Linear Accelerator will project x-rays at targeted cancer cells or tumors. Another therapist will be in a different room monitoring the patient’s viral signs until the procedure is over. The external therapy l...
What would Wilhelm Roentgen, the father of X-ray, say about the technological discoveries in radiology today? Since the start of X-rays in 1895 significant advancements have revolutionized the field of radiology. One illustrates how different scanners have improved, in addition how picture archiving communication system can assist doctors, and finally the outlook on the future of radiology.
The theory of photography originated from the discovery of the camera obscura phenomenon – light that enters a darkened chamber through a small hole is projects an identical inverted image on the interior wall of the outside scene. The first recordings of scientists recognizing this concept was in the writings of Greek philosopher, Aristotle (384 – 322 BC).
William Coolidge. It Greatly expanded the use of X-rays, not only in dentistry and medicine but in industry as well. Mr. Coolidge had many awards to name a few; Rumford Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Science, Gold Medal of the American College of Radiology, Edison Medal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and the John Scott award. In 1937 he received from the University of Zurich and honorary M.D. degree in acknowledgement of his outstanding achievements in the field of applied physics in medical science, particularly in the field of X-rays. He was also awarded Doctor of Science degrees from Union College and Lehigh University. He was an honorary member of the American Roentgen Ray Society, the American Radium Society, the Radiological Society of North America, the American College of Radiology to name a few. At the age of 100, William was admitted to the inventors hall of fame. Eighty three patents were granted, with the most significant one being the vacuum tube used in his X-ray generator. In 1975, at 101 years of age, William D. Coolidge past away at his home in Schenectady,
the X ray was invented, a device having the same purpose as today's iron lung,
The way that each individual interprets, retrieves, and responds to the information in the world that surrounds you is known as perception. It is a personal way of creating opinions about others and ourselves in everyday life and being able to recognize it under various conditions. Each person’s perceptions are used as a kind of filter that every piece of information has to pass through before it determines the effect that it has or will have on the person from the stimulus. It is convincing to believe that we create multiple perceptions about different situations and objects each day. Perceptions reflect our opinions in many ways. The quality of a person’s perceptions is very important and can affect the response that is given through different situations. Perception is often deceived as reality. “Through perception, people process information inputs into responses involving feelings and action.” (Schermerhorn, et al.; p. 3). Perception can be influenced by a person’s personality, values, or experiences which, in turn, can play little role in reality. People make sense of the world that they perceive because the visual system makes practical explanations of the information that the eyes pick up.
Similarly, there is notable variation in the osmolality of contrast media and thus, how safe they are for the patient, depending on their ion...
Attenuation is the reduction in the total number of photons remaining in the beam after passing the thickness of the object. This is results of interaction of photons with the object and being absorbed or scattered. As the x-ray beam pass through the patient , the beam will attenuated , and also it depend on part thickness , If the thickness is increased the density of the image will reduced ( ↑ thickness ↑ attenuation ↓ density ). The attenuation is affected by the type of absorber which high atomic number material will have high attenuation (↑ atomic number ↑ attenuation), this is due to the electrons of material interact with the photons (bone high interact with the photons because it composed of calcium).
Society has increasingly placed a high value on image, which has had a profound effect on people, from how to dress, talk, behave, things they idolize, or deem important. Image is a physical likeness, representation, or appearance of a person, or thing, photographed, painted, or otherwise made visible. Image is one of the oldest form of nonverbal communication used to appeal to others; people often judge your integrity, accountability, or professionalism based on appearance. Having the right image can go a long way, by providing opportunities, highlight qualities, and even present life changing experiences. Image is how someone, a group, or corporation, present themselves to the world, it tells a little about who they are. Therefore, image gives an insight to spectators, who form opinions solely on appearances, which is very important as first impressions last.