Economic Geography of Industry Location in India
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Paper prepared for the UNU/WIDER Project Conference on
Spatial Inequality in Asia
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Economic Geography of Industry Location in India
Where do different industries locate? What factors influence the spatial
distribution of economic activity within countries? Finding answers to these questions is
important for understanding the development potential of sub national regions. This is
particularly important for developing countries as they have relatively lower levels of
overall investment and economic activity is concentrated in one or a few growth centers.
Thus, regions that do not attract dynamic industries are not only characterized by low
productivity, but also by lower relative incomes and standards of living. These questions
on industry location and their implications are not new. Examining the locational aspects
of economic activity has long been of interest to geographers, planners, and regional
scientists (Weber, 1909; Lösch, 1940; Hotelling, 1929; Greenhut and Greenhut, 1975,
Isard 1956). However, analytic difficulties in modeling increasing returns to scale
marginalized the analysis of geographic aspects in mainstream economic analysis
(Krugman 1991). Recent research on externalities, increasing returns to scale, and
imperfect spatial competition (Dixit and Stiglitz 1977; Fujita, et al. 1999; Krugman
1991) has led to renewed interest in analyzing the spatial organization of economic
activity. This is especially true in case of geographic concentration or clustering.
Models in the ‘New Economic Geography’ literature (see review in Fujita,
Krugman, and Venables, 1999) allow us to move from the question ‘Where will
manufacturing concentrate (if it does)?’ to the question ‘What manufacturing will
concentrate where?’ These insightful theoretical models provide, for the most part,
renewed analytical support for the “cumulative causation” arguments made in earlier
decades on the core-periphery relationship, on agglomeration economies, and on
industrial clustering. In this context, we are interested in finding empirical answers to
these (very old) questions, and to go beyond, to ask, “What manufacturing will locate
where and why”?
Industry location and concentration decisions are driven by two fundamental
considerations: a set of “pure” location or “economic geography” criteria, including well
recognized elements such as urbanization and localization economies, market access,
infrastructure availability, etc. The other is a set of “practical” or “political economy”
criteria, where the state is a key player in industrial ownership and production, and uses
location considerations that are different from the private sector. The private sector
responds to the very strong influence of state regulations, and the result is an industrial
geography that is shaped by factors of economic geography and political economy.
To understand the process of industrial location and concentration, it is important
to first analyze the location decisions of firms in particular industries.
Hooker, Richard. A. “The Industrial Revolution.” Posted June 6, 2014. 1999. The 'Secondary' of the 'Se Washington State University. 3 Feb. 2004 < http://www.wsu.edu:8080/dee/ENLIGHT/INDUSTRY.HTM >.
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regulatory requirements that the local, state or federal government has placed on the proposed business activity,
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