Abstract The medicinal value of earthworms has been known for centuries. The earthworms are the source of proteins, peptides, enzymes and physiologically active substances. Thus in the present study, the earthworm skin extracts were prepared and subjected to antimicrobial activity which was determined by the agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial substances showed activity against Serratia marcescens. The molecular weight of the peptide from skin extract was found to be ~3kDa by SDS – PAGE and confirmed by zymogram analysis. Further the earthworm was identified by morphological and COI gene sequence analysis and resulted to be Wegeneriona sps. This study may lead to the formulation of new antimicrobial drug from the earthworm skin extract. Key word: Antimicrobial peptide; COI; Serratia marcescens; Wegeneriona sp; SDS-PAGE Introduction The earthworm is distinctive from saprozoic organisms. Earthworms are ancient creatures, which have survived on apex of the earth at least 700 million years ago (Cho et al., 1998). Earthworms are usually precise the same as a relatively well known group of soil invertebrate from both ecological and taxonomical perception. Earthworms are enforced to adopted and survive in this type of environments (Muhamad et al., 2006). The earthworm skin play a key role in the everyday survival of amphibians and …show more content…
The length 80-110 mm; diameter 3-5 mm (Fig.1). The arrangement of setae is very strong. The anterior region shows the prostomium which is epilobus. On the ventrolateral surface, the body segments 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 shows the presence of spermathecal openings. Exactly on the 12 segment, a pair of female genital openings is present. Segments 13, 14 and 15 forms the unsegmented collar like structure called the clitellum. On the 16 segment, pair of male genital openings is present, bellow the
Bess beetles range in size all the way from 21 millimeters to 80 millimeters. The beetles are named after the French word baiser, which means “to kiss”, due to the fact that they often make a smooching sound with their legs. They have a small horn that protrudes from their head, and use their antennae to drive them forward when experiencing new smells. Though the beetles may look quite menacing, they are surprisingly docile. They enjoy feasting on rotten wood, moss, and adult beetle fecal matter after it has been partially digested by bacteria. A scientific experiment was conducted to test these beetle’s pulling power in relation to their mass. The hypothesis stated,
Web. The Web. The Web. 11 February 2014 “Biology: Evolution”. The New York Public Library Science Desk Reference.
The one sex model is explain the female reproductive system using the males as a basic model. According to Laqueur, the anatomy of the female body was often explain as what it lacks in comparison to the male body. The female body, in fact its reproductive systems and genitalia were seeing as imperfect. Female’s reproductive system was an inverted version of the male’s reproductive system. “In this world the vagina is imagined as...
Sabellaria cementarium belongs to the phylum Annelids and is an invertebrate polychaete species. They are found in small clumps at the rocky bottoms of the sea floor where they use the rich source of natural phytoplankton as their primary diet (Qian and Chia, 1990). The tube-like worms can behave social and form extensive reefs or independently build hollow tubes in to the sandstone (pawlik and Chia, 1991). Embryos form a polar lobe that is absorbed in to the blastomeres at the end of division. Larval development and movement follows shortly after the 14-15 hour fertilization period where spiral cleaving of the fertilized oocytes appears (Render, 1983). Much is still not known about the invertebrate worm in their natural niche.
Oftentimes, people can recall at least one song they know that is undoubtedly catchy because of its repetitive nature. That song can become a nuisance, when it will not leave your mind. When a melody gets stuck in your head, sometimes it could take a whole day to forget the tune. A certain tune can be stuck in your brain for many years! In Oliver Sacks’ passage, “Brainworms, Sticky Music, and Catchy Tunes”, he talks about “earworms”, or a pathological repetition. Sacks uses patterns of development to inform the modern reader about the dark side of music.
Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald Audesirk, and Bruce E. Byers. Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2011. 268-69. Print.
I. Heartworm Disease is a very serious disease that affects and kills thousands of dogs each year. II. I would like to share some important information about this disease, especially if you are an owner or plan to become an owner of a dog. III. I am the owner of a beautiful mix breed named Cocoa.
The testes are the primary reproductive organs in the male; they are responsible for the production of sperm. The testes are responsible for the production of testosterone, and are almost nonexistent prior to puberty. Testosterone affects vary to the sound of your voice to hair baldness. The epididymis is a firm structure that consists of three parts, sperm that passes through the epididymis after they are formed. The male urethra is approximately 18-20 cm long. The urethra allows the passage of both urine and sperm. There are two main parts of the penis; the root and body. The three main parts of the root of the penis are, the midline bulb, and the left and right crura on either side of the bulb. While the body is formed by three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue, they are the corpus spongiosum in the midline, and the two-corpus cavernosa on either side. The urethra leaves the head of the penis at the end of the corpus spongiosum.
Mao Dun, author of "Spring Silkworms", was a twentieth century Chinese novelist, critic, organizer, editor, and advocate for Chinese Communism. According to David Wang, Mao Dun was one of the most versatile Chinese literati among the May Fourth generation. Mao Dun was an advocate and practitioner of European naturalism. Motivated by history and politics, Mao Dun has introduced western literary ideas to China in his novels. As a left wing writer Mao Dun focuses on the peasant's point of view and relies on his depiction of reality to evoke change. A good example of this style of writing is the story "Spring Silkworms".
The Burgess Shale Fauna is a fauna that was constructed based on a group of fossils that were initially found, in the Burgess Shale area in the Canadian Rockies (Gould, 1989). They are a very important group of fossils as “modern multicellular animals make their first unprotected appearance in the fossil record some 570 million years ago” through this group (Gould, 1989, pp. 24). Moreover the Burgess Shales are known to have preserved the soft parts of animals enabling us to get a better understanding of life at the time.
Although the L. rubellus did migrate from the dry soil to the moist soil, other stressors such as nutrients and intra-competition could have pressured the earthworms to migrate. Dry soils won’t leach nutrients into the surrounding area, consequently there needs to be moisture for the nutrients to be released and consumed by the earthworms (Brix, 1979). It is also viable that intra-competition could have played a factor as it is likely that the earthworms migrated from a densely populated area to a less populated area to reduce competition for any nutrients and food available. Further
The reproductive system was mainly located towards the anal area and inferior to the stomach. The penis was located in the middle. It was white in color and looked like a mealworm. The seminal vesicles were located on both sides of the penis. They were grayish pink in color and looked like walnuts.
The world we live in today is full of an exceptional variety of animals. The time it took to conclude to the various sorts of species seen today has been throughout a period of millions of years. The vast majority of these animals are accredited to evolutionary advancements. When the environment changes, organisms have become accustomed to changing to fit their environment, to ensure their species does not die off. These physical changes have resulted in different phyla, ranging from basic structures, like sponges to advance systems, like that of an octopus.
The Female Reproductive System consists of the Female sex cells, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Urethra, Hymen, Uterus, Cervix, Fallopian tubes, Ovaries, Estrogen, and Progesterone. The female sex cells, otherwise known as ovum, which are created by the ovaries, combines with male sperm, give a fertilized egg a home, and create an embryo. The vagina, also known as the birth canal, joins to the bottom of the uterus (cervix) and it holds male gametes during sex and provides leave for a baby’s birth. It is located towards the bottom of the pelvis. The Labia can be split up into 2 parts, the Labia Majora and Labia Minora. The Labia Majora, also known as the outer lips, is an external sex organ connecting to the thighs which are fleshy and grow pubic hair. The Labia Minora, otherwise known as the inner lips protect the vagina and the urethra, and are located under the Labia Majora. The Labia Minora can be differently textured, and can swell when due to arousal. The Clitoris is a tissue between the Labia Minora, which fills with blood and becomes erect during arousal. The Clitoris looks like it was built for arousal and pleasure, with the clitoris being sensitive by having a prepuce (shaft) and two cruca, which have networks of sensitive nerves. The urethra is a tube that removes fluid from the bladder and takes urine from the body. The Hymen is a thin tissue, which stretches across the opening to the vagina (Vanessa Cullins, 2013). The Uterus, also known as the womb, is composed of two parts, the cervix and the corpus. The cervix located at the top of the vagina, lets sperm enter and blood due to menstruation out. The corpus expands to hold a developing baby and has the shape of a pear. The Fallopian Tubes ...