Dynamical Approach
Recently approaches based on nonlinear dynamics that focuses on changes in various parameters over time have been proposed as an alternative to symbolic approaches to cognition. Nonlinear dynamics involves modeling or analyzing the system using a set of non-linear differential equations. Dynamical systems theory provides a set of techniques including stability analysis to study cognitive dynamics. Arguments have been made for the extensive use of dynamic approaches (Gibbs, 2006; Kelso, 1995; van Gelder, 1998).
For example, Skarda & Freeeman (1987) used nonlinear dynamics to explain perception.
Kelso (1995) developed a nonlinear dynamical model for finger wagging which explained and predicted behavioural results from finger
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For example, Broad et al. (2000) found enhanced activation with upright faces (not inverted faces) in inferotemporal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus by examining c-fos (an immediate early gene) mRNA expression in those areas. Montero (2000) has shown enhancement in c-fos induction due to attentional factors in the visual and somatosensory cortices of rats after they have explored a novel environment. Avi Chaudhuri and colleagues have extensively used molecular mapping for studying the visual system (Zangenehpour and Chaudhuri, 2005; Chaudhuri, 2008).
Dynamical Approach
Recently approaches based on nonlinear dynamics that focuses on changes in various parameters over time have been proposed as an alternative to symbolic approaches to cognition. Nonlinear dynamics involves modeling or analyzing the system using a set of non-linear differential equations. Dynamical systems theory provides a set of techniques including stability analysis to study cognitive dynamics. Arguments have been made for the extensive use of dynamic approaches (Gibbs, 2006; Kelso, 1995; van Gelder, 1998).
For example, Skarda & Freeeman (1987) used nonlinear dynamics to explain perception.
Kelso (1995) developed a nonlinear dynamical model for finger wagging which explained and predicted behavioural results from finger wagging experiments. van Leeuwen (2007) has used nonlinear dynamics based analyses to explain perceptual
Eichenbaum, H., Otto, T., & Cohen, N. J. (1992). The hippocampus—what does it do? Behavioral
Nairne, J. S., Smith, M. S., and Lindsay, D. S. (2001). Psychology: The Adaptive Mind. Scarborough: Nelson Thomson Learning.
Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwarz, and T. M. Jessel. Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Elsevier. New York: 1991.
Schurger, A., Sitt, J. D., & Dehaene, S. (2012). An accumulator model for spontaneous neural activity prior to self-initiated movement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(42), E2904-E2913. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210467109
Fodor develops the idea of functionalism by combining certain parts of logical behaviorism and the central-state identity theory. From logical behaviorism, Fodor incorporates the idea that mental processes can be represented by physical if-then statements. As such, behavior and mental causation are no longer distinct and unable to interact. Also, logical behaviorism provides a way for mental causes to interact with other mental causes. This, in turn, may result in a behavioral effect. The last point is also a characteristic of the central-state identity theory. One doctrine of the central-state identity theory is called "token physicalism." Token physicalism states that all mental states that currently exist are neurophysiological. Thus, token physicalism does not place physical restrictions on the type of substance capable of having mental properties. When the points of logical behaviorism and the central-state identity theory, as described here, are combined, functionalism is the result. The theory of functionalism supposes that a m...
He was intensely swayed by Santiago Cajal’s thoughts regarding the neural bases of the brain, subsequently offering a definitive perspective of the mechanism of mental associations depending upon newly formed associations between neurons. He also related the concept of plasticity and plastic activity with Tanzi’s hypothesis of the functional modifiability and Cajal’s concept of
...e up from the unconscious - from behind a locked door inside of our brain - but just because something is outside of awareness doesn't mean it's outside of control." (Gladwell, Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking , 2005) While rapid cognition is a subconscious process that has been created within us throughout our lives, it is possible to increase that reaction time to allow for more analysis of the information we are given. Being able to do so can increase the effectiveness of a leader, and improve change management on any level of an organization.
As with the mental map experiments, the fact that reaction time depends directly on the degree of rotation has been taken as evidence that we solve the...
The human mind is viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flow. According to information processing theory, the information that comes from the environment is subject to mental processes beyond a simple stimulus-response pattern. The input from the environment passes through the cognitive systems which are then measured by the output. The information that is received may take several pathways depending on attention, encoding, recognition, and storage. The theory focuses on actual time responses to stimuli presented and how the mind transforms that information. Most important in this theory is that humans process information rather than perceive
Mischel, Walter, and Yuichi Shoda. 1998. "Reconciling Processing Dynamics." The Annual Review of Psychology 49: 229-58.
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D, t., & Tulving, D. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness: Psychological Bulletin, 121, 331-354
This umbrella term compromises ‘various complex cognitive processes and sub-processes (Elliott, 2003). It refers to ‘the set of abilities that allows an individual to select an action that is appr...
The scientific definition of time is a measurement of progress that is relative to an individual’s perception of events (HowStuffWorks.com, 2010). A psychological study proves that these viewpoints are
...tention to how people react to one another’s comments, guessing the relationship between the people and guessing how each feels about what is being said. This can inform individuals to better understand the use of body language when conversing with other people. It is also important to take into account individual differences. Different cultures use different non-verbal gestures. Frequently, when observing these gestures alone the observer can get the wrong impression, for instance, the listener can subconsciously cross their arms. This does not mean that they are bored or annoyed with the speaker; it can be a gesture that they are comfortable with. Viewing gestures as a whole will prevent these misunderstandings. Non-verbal gestures are not only physical, for example; the tone of voice addressing a child will be different from the way it is addressed to an adult.
well-known non-verbal form of communication, although it is not the only way to talk with others without words. People’s response to things can be very unique at times. We respond differently according to how we feel about something. We can say something, but contradict ourselves with non-verbal communication. Body language and facial expressions can help give clues as to how people are feeling and what they are thinking. We make constant movements every second of the day without realizing it. Trying to read facial expressions can be very hard, because they are so quick and most of the time universal. Kinesics, on the other hand, is more easily read and is used