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The impact of emotions on decision-making
The impact of emotions on decision-making
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As has been noted in your response, the experiment performed was consistent with the facial feedback hypothesis. Although our averages for the portion of the experiment based on an individual with pursed lips varied slightly, the result of those who were asked to show bared teeth were the same. While this hypothesis is most fitting, one might attempt to apply other theories to the experimentation. Consider the dual-pathway model of fear, should one attempt to apply this concept to another emotion such as happiness, what might it look like (Nevid, 2015, p. 309)? It must be noted, this theory was not created as a concept to apply to happiness, thus its name, “model of fear”. Nonetheless, according to this “feel first, think second” concept, …show more content…
Therefore, I must explain this concept based on its true purpose; to understand how the body reacts to the emotion of panic stricken fright. According to the text, Joseph LeDoux formulated the theory that the brain utilizes two pathways to process fear (Nevid, 2015, p. 309). First, the thalamus processes an environmental factor, from there information will either travel the “high road” or the “low rode” (Nevid, 2015, p. 309). Consequently, the high road being the path that leads the evidences directly to the cerebral cortex for a more in-depth assessment, results in a longer reaction time period. Whereas the low road brings the information to the amygdala in a few thousands of a second, allowing for a more prompt response to fear. The quicker path does not necessarily lead to the appropriate response for the circumstance, although, it is this swift reactive response of protection which could be the determining factor between survival and death. Nonetheless, following this step, the body will complete an evaluation of the situation, through the cortex, in order to determine whether the perceived danger was truly a threat. Hence, the concept of “feel first, think second” (Nevid, 2015, p.
In every society, throughout all of time fear is present. It is a an evolutionary instinct thought to have kept us alive, throughout the darkest moments in human history. However as time has progressed fear has had an unintended consequences on society, including the suffusion of incomprehension. During the Salem Witch Trials and Cold War a large sense of fear overcame these societies causing tragedy and misinformation to become commonplace. It is in these societies that it is clear that fear is needed to continue a trend of ignorance. Although bias is thought to be essential to injustice, fear is crucial to the perpetuation of ignorance because it blinds reason, suppresses the truth and creates injustice.
In this case, Treena develops anxiety from an incident which normally would not elicit a fearful response. This process is called classical conditioning and occurs through paired association and the incident becomes a neutral stimulus. In this case, fear conditioning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). The neutral stimulus initially causes no emotional reaction, but after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus triggering the onset of unconditioned stimulus and inducing anxiety and panic (Lissek, Powers, McClure, Phelps, Wolderhawariat, Grillon, Pine, 2015). When symptoms of anxiety is paired with this kinds of uncued panic attacks,
A simple definition of the human psyche is the embodiment of the human spirit. However, when one takes a more in-depth look, it becomes much more complex than the tidy little package that the definition would infer. The psyche has a direct link to thoughts, emotions, reactions and consequences. Of these components, emotions have the most significant impact on the human essence. The way in which humans view and react to the world around them is directly linked to the conscious and subconscious feelings associated with a particular activating event. The human psyche is driven by a wide variety of emotions ranging from love, hate, anger, happiness, fear, and courage to name but only a few. Of these, fear has the power to disrupt the body and spirit in profound ways as it encompasses all emotions. Therefore, it is the strongest emotion associated with the human condition.
One of the most controversial topics of the century hinges on one simple question: What makes the world go round? Most will jump to say money. Some will argue in favor of their religion. Others will point out scientific facts. The truth is, none are correct. One emotion, one aspect of life shines above the others, extending its light on merely half of our beloved globe, leaving the other semi-circle to deal with pitch black: fear. To understand its impact, society’s definition of fear must be perceived. Fear is officially defined as an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something dangerous will harm him/her. However, with his classic novel, Alan Paton shows that it extends far beyond that. An old man by the name of Stephen Kumalo leaves the comfort of his tribe in Ndotsheni, and embarks on a
Fear is a potent emotional response developed by the intrinsic need to learn in order for one to better their means of self-preservation. Though often overlooked, fear is a mental construct which presents great importance in understanding an individual’s thoughts and mannerisms. Children can help scientists to better recognize how these fears emerge. The early years of life can be considered the most daunting; everything in the environment surrounding a child is fairly new, strange, and unfamiliar. In the psychological community, it is widely accepted that fears are determined from two main constituents: biological and environmental factors. Both factors play an essential role in defining fear as well as the determination of what a child may
For survivors of traumatic events, the trauma itself is often only the beginning. While some are relatively unaffected, many others will develop post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, an affliction that haunts its victims with terrifying memories, nightmares, and panic attacks. (For a comprehensive list of symptoms and diagnostic criteria, the reader may refer to the DSM-IV, relevant portions of which may be found online (7).) The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that 3.6 percent of Americans between the ages of 18 and 54 suffer from PTSD; 30 percent of those who have spent time in war zones - one million veterans of Vietnam alone - are affected (6). PTSD is treated with several forms of psychotherapy, including exposure therapy, centered around a controlled confrontation of frightening stimuli. While medication may treat co-occurring depression, anxiety, or insomnia (6), pharmacological agents targeting PTSD remain unavailable. In part, this is because researchers have only begun to describe the underlying neurobiology. Several recent studies have pointed to the brain structure known as the amygdala as a central player, but questions remain: How does this small structure "recognize" danger? How does it create emotional memories? What causes recurrence of these memories?
“At the University of California at Irvine, experiments in rats indicate that the brain’s hormonal reaction to fear can be inhibited, softening the formation of memories and the emotions they evoke” (Baard).
The Dangers of Fear Irish Playwright, George Bernard Shaw, once said, “The worst sin toward our fellow creatures is not to hate them, but to be indifferent to them; that's the essence of inhumanity.” Inhumanity is mankind’s worst attribute. Every so often, ordinary humans are driven to the point where they have no choice but to think of themselves. One of the most famous examples used today is the Holocaust. Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night demonstrates how fear is a debilitating force that causes people to lose sight of who they once were.
The fight-or-flight response is the fundamental physiological reaction to potentially harmful or threatening situations. Essentially it states that our bodies are programmed from birth to either fight back, or get out of harm’s way when we are in danger. In times of chaos, such as war, this fight-or-flight response can be seen in a range of ways: soldiers at the front line of battle, families hiding-out for months on end, women and children fleeing to other countries. Oftentimes, one who flees is deemed a coward, and one who fights back a hero. However, this assumption is not always true. Human nature is not the only factor that decides whether you are a coward or a hero. Personal integrity and values play a more crucial role in determining
“There is nothing to fear but fear itself” (Roosevelt). “Fear is a chain reaction in the brain that starts with a stressful stimulus and ends with the release of chemicals that cause a racing heart, fast breathing and energized muscles, among other things, also known as the fight-or-flight response” (Layton). Fear affects the brain and can help people or make them in a worse situation than they were in the first place. Fear most motivates/influences people during times of crisis by clouding judgement and becoming a weapon of power.
‘An adequate hypothesis of fear must utilize physiological concepts of cerebral action in addition to psychological terminology. The hypothesis proposes that "fear originates in the disruption of temporally and spatially organized cerebral activities; that fear are distinct from other emotions by the nature of the processes tending to restore equilibrium." The sources of fear involve conflict, sensory deficit, or constitutional change. ‘
Emotion is the “feeling” aspect of consciousness that includes physical, behavioral, and subjective (cognitive) elements. Emotion also contains three elements which are physical arousal, a certain behavior that can reveal outer feelings and inner feelings. One key part in the brain, the amygdala which is located within the limbic system on each side of the brain, plays a key role in emotional processing which causes emotions such as fear and pleasure to be involved with the human facial expressions.The common-sense theory of emotion states that an emotion is experienced first, leading to a physical reaction and then to a behavioral reaction.The James-Lange theory states that a stimulus creates a physiological response that then leads to the labeling of the emotion. The Cannon-Bard theory states that the physiological reaction and the emotion both use the thalamus to send sensory information to both the cortex of the brain and the organs of the sympathetic nervous system. The facial feedback hypothesis states that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain about the emotion being expressed on the face, increasing all the emotions. In Schachter and Singer’s cognitive arousal theory, also known as the two-factor theory, states both the physiological arousal and the actual arousal must occur before the emotion itself is experienced, based on cues from the environment. Lastly, in the cognitive-mediational theory
Cannon-Bard theory affirms that humans feel emotions and experience such physiological reactions as trembling, sweating, and muscle tension at one time. Due to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, people react to a stimulus and experience that is associated emotion at that time (Cherry, b, n.d.). The bodily changes and the emotional experience happen independently of each other and that the physiological arousal does not have to come before the emotional experience. The thalamic region of the brain is in charge of the emotional response to the experience stimuli. For example, when a person sees a snake, he/she is afraid and as a result of seeing the snake, begins to
One scientist, Damasio, provided an explanation how emotions can be felt in humans biologically. Damasio suggested, “Various brain structures map both the organism and external objects to create what he calls a second order representation. This mapping of the organism and the object most likely occurs in the thalamus and cingulate cortices. A sense of self in the act of knowing is created, and the individual knows “to whom this is happening.” The “seer” and the “seen,” the “thought” and the “thinker” are one in the same.” By mapping the brain scientists can have a better understandi...
“When we sense danger, the body’s defenses kick into high gear in a rapid, automatic process known as the ‘fight-or-flight’ reaction.” (Smith)