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Recommended: Bourdieu's theory
In Distinction, Bourdieu argues that one’s culture can affect what they are drawn to or from. He argues that one’s upbringing or education can alter how one sees the world around them, especially how he or she views art. Also, he feels that once a person is given this initial idea about aesthetics, they cannot be swayed in another direction. Bourdieu believes that taste is entirely based on your societal standing. To prove himself, he created surveys to find where a group of people’s taste lies depending on the circumstance of their birth. I disagree with what Bourdieu is saying, because I feel it is possible to find art in any form appealing, regardless of one’s culture or economic background. I feel Bourdieu overgeneralizes the idea by saying
this in such a matter of fact way. Although one’s upbringing may not have exposed them to aesthetics at a young age, he or she certainly has the capability to be drawn to the arts later in life and to gain an appreciation for them.
“A good liar uses the truth.” This is a technique used by notorious imposters Frederic Bourdin, and Frank Abagnale. Although Bourdin posed as a child for a second chance at adolescence, Abagnale posed as an adult to gain financial means and respect. Bourdin and Abagnale’s success in deception can be primarily attributed to their careful observation of their surroundings, as well as their ability to detect the emotions of those around them.
...s the superiority of the former to the latter; in the second case, he greatly decreases the distance between the two groups and the level of superiority that Brazilians have over Europeans. Finally, his essay, as a whole, ultimately reinstates a great distance between the two groups, and Europeans reclaim superiority over Brazilians. Notably, in the first two cases, nature is also elevated above art, but art finally subjugates nature. Perhaps this is because Montaigne identifies with “Lycurgus and Plato… [who] could [not] believe that our society could be maintained with so little artifice and human solder” (153). Montaigne’s essay suggests that he relies on the artifice of his writing and interpretations to explore and define social groups, explore and establish social hierarchies, and maintain social order in a manner that ultimately favors him and his people.
Western attitudes to African people and culture have always affected how their art was appreciated and this has also coloured the response to the art from Benin.
Cultures all around the world are multi-faceted, comprising the values, morals, and beliefs of vast groups of people. One component that is woven into all cultures some way or another is art. Whether the art form is music, theatre, or visual art, all cultures value these art forms in different ways. Because of this, there have been some drastically opposing views from two of the greatest minds throughout time. Leo Tolstoy (Russian author of one of the most central works of world literature War and Peace) wrote What Is Art? it states if art is universally understood then it is good and has reason to be appreciated. However, Mo Tzu (a well known Chinese philosopher who wrote and debated political and social philosophy) wrote Against Music which expresses that art is disruptive to work and a waste of taxpayer money. Though the reasonings are enormously different, both have validity in their arguments.
What is art? Art and assessment are deeply unified, since our ability to experience and understand artistic works is intensely unfair by our own perceptions. Consequently, any definition of art should emphasize the importance of perception in creating and experiencing art. In the film (Why Beauty Matters) by Roger Scruton, he is bringing out some pinnacles of art, and some of his observation and mines are somewhat in comparison.
When analyzing artwork, in any form, there are often times social contexts in which can be interpreted. Not always does the history behind the painting need to be revealed to fully understand the concept of the artwork, yet it is helpful in determining if the artwork is truthful in its representation. Although in analyzing artwork it is likely that there are drawbacks to considering the social context. To illustrate this point, I'm going to use the visual arts as my medium of choice. Understanding the social context can be an important tool. An advantage of knowing the history of the painting or sculpture can really enrich our knowledge, being in the 21st century, about some of the social periods from previous times. It can demonstrate how traditions were carried out, how they had an impact on the different social classes. It's a visual teaching aid of a sort. Even in the time period of which the artwork was created can be used as a tool to show how the life was in different parts of the world. It was also used as a hammer in the realist movement to show the upper classes that life for the poor was horrible. The visual arts is the only medium in which the pictorial image creates a universal language in which anyone, regardless of nationality or social class can interpret. The text which is created by this language often creates a context which is left open to interpretation. Contexts are created by the artist, critics, judges, the public, essentially, any one who views the work and forms an opinion relating to it. The contexts stem from subject or content of an artwork, and are usually facts regarding the content. Yet, the contexts almost always have backgrounds themselves, therefore making the original contexts, texts. This will be more clearly illustrated later. The chain is seeming to be a never ending process. There are always more conditions to the previous ones. All context, therefore, is in itself, textual. This concept of all context in itself textual is a post-structuralist strategy. A man named Derrida is a man who has developed this idea that the post-structuralist concept of every statement made, can be interpreted in infinite ways, with each interpretation triggering a range of subjective associations. Every statement has an association, therefore it's a sort of domino effect.
He focuses on the psychology of viewing art and gives unique attention to the perception of color. According to Arnheim the absence of color deprives the most efficient element of discrimination (Arnheim, 1974, p. 330). He uses the example of cats and dogs because they are biologically color blind. These animals would be able to efficiently identify a rolling ball on a lawn if they could perceive color. Cats and dogs can only differentiate objects because of the different textures in their environment. This example shows the importance of having the ability to perceive color because it allows for us to discriminate our world properly. Arnheim also highlights one cannot assume that different people or different cultures have the same standards for what colors are alike or different (Arnheim, p. 332). Different cultures may distinguish colors of plants better than cultures who are more industrialize. A tribe that is heavily involved in agricultural may possess more words to describe the different hues of green in their crops more superiorly than differentiating different hues of blue. Although Arnheim states that the color person is the same across for individuals of different backgrounds, ages, and cultures. The differentiation of color can vary from different groups of people but the perception of color would generally by similar.
He believes that art can cause a shock to the individual that would not be an ideological distraction. Benjamin argues that art does not need to follow an ideological format but certain people, like Dadaism, can create to promote thinking and not passivity. In contrast Horkheimer and Adorno argue that the culture industry creates to feed the masses the ideology of the upper class.
David Hume’s essay “Of the Standard of Taste” addresses the problem of how objects are judged. Hume addresses three assumptions about how aesthetic value is determined. These assumptions are: all tastes are equal, some art is better than others, and aesthetic value of art is defined by a person’s taste(from lecture). However, Hume finds the three beliefs to be an “inconsistent triad”(from lecture) of assumptions. If all taste is equal but taste defines the aesthetic value, how can it be that some art is good and others bad? Wouldn’t all art be equal if all taste is equal? Hume does not believe all objects are equal in their beauty or greatness. He states that some art is meant to endure, “the beauties, which are naturally fitted to excite agreeable sentiment, immediately display their energy”.(text pg 259) So how will society discern what is agreeable and what is not? Hume proposes a set of true judges whose palates are so refined they can precisely define the aesthetic value of something.
In the following essay I will discuss whether it is possible for judgements of the aesthetic quality of works of art to be always merely personal; and what are the circumstances in which they are not personal. I will demonstrate what the necessary conditions are for an aesthetic judgement to be made accurately. I would, therefore, suggest that if aesthetics of the judgements of taste are merely personal, then these judgements would be improper, therefore proper judgements of taste are not personal. There are several arguments to support my thesis. In the first part of the essay, I examine Hume’s argument on establishing a ‘Standard’ of taste. In the second part of this essay, I look at the valuable interpretation of judgments of beauty by Immanuel Kant and his criteria for what may count as a judgement of taste.
Aesthetics is the theoretical study of the arts and related types of behavior and experience. It is traditionally regarded as a branch of philosophy, concerned with the understanding of beauty and its manifestations in art and nature. However, in the latter 20th century there developed a tendency to treat it as an independent science, concerned with investigating the phenomena of art and its place in human life. Yet, what in a field with a hazy line in between being classified as a science or study of beliefs is considered data for determining what can be studied? It can simply be drawn to the only three things involved in the process of art : The creator, the person experiencing, and the art itself.
Modern art lacks much of the subtle touch of previous art. Its statements, although more powerful than ever in history, are not accepted by mainstream society. In order for an artists to be the pivot of public opinon and social change, they have to be more acceptable to mainstream, or else art has little function in society.
The judgement of taste is based solely on the opinions and feelings of the person affected by the object being viewed. This judgement is and can only be completely objective depending on individual feeling. Based on person judgement, the opinion formed while viewing a subject does nothing to contribute to the area of teaching or learning since the sentiment appeals to the senses. Only our personal interest to an object will determine our reactions and emotions felt from its existence. Beauty can only be determined by a person’s own personal feelings. Our opinions are not directly formed by someone else’s or by any other aspects. If another person asks for an opinion of an object being beautiful they must also understand that this can only
This means that a single piece of artwork can be categorized into many movements of arts, according to how people see it. For example, if one were to look at an artwork called “The Starry Night”, by Vincent van Gogh. As said earlier, some people might categorized it into the post-impressionism movement, while some might categorized it into the expressionism movement. As a result of using many vivid colors and real-life subject matter, it was categorized into the post-impressionist movement, and the artist also employs a lot of meaning through his artwork, which is a characteristic of the expressionism movement. To be more specific, the truth in this artwork can change, again, according to how people see it. Which means that it’s not wrong to look at truth differently in this artwork, it’s just the truth that is subjective to one’s opinion. In another example, the painting “Mona Lisa”, by Leonardo da Vinci might capture many eyes. In this painting, some people might say that it looks elegant, and some might say that it looks unattractive. Again, this is a subjective matter, and there is no exact truth in this artwork. Moreover, you can’t say that an artwork is done correctly or not, because arts is very abstract and it is based on how each individual visualized the artwork. In the end, there is no actual truth in arts, because arts is a very subjective
. Artistic value transcends ideas about instant gratification, art is relevant and influential when we derive meaning from it, that is why criticism can be helpful in understanding its value. Criticism turns us from consuming drones to active thinkers. Critics are entitled to their opinions and a society’s disagreement with a critic has been more impactful at times. There are many points of view and conclusions.