A tall building or high-rise building is a building whose height creates different conditions in the design, construction and use than those that exist in common buildings of certain region and period[3]. The tallness of a building is a matter of a person’s or community’s circumstance and perception therefore, a measurable definition of a tall building cannot be universally applied. Tall building structures frame requires special structural arrangements, if they are subjected to appreciable lateral loads such as high wind pressures and earthquake loadings. In modern era, tall buildings structures are in great demands because of the following reasons which are as follows :
Scarceness of land in urban areas
Greater demand for business and
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Outrigger systems functions by tying together two structural systems- typically a core system and a perimeter system- to yield whole structural behaviors that are much better than those of componenet system.
The benefits of an outrigger system lies in the fact that building deformations resulting from the overturning moments get reduced, on the other hand greater efficiency is achieved in resisting forces. Outrigger engages the perimeter columns in lateral load resisting action which would otherwise acts as a gravity load resisting elements.
Outrigger system performance is affected by outrigger locations through the height of the building, the number of levels of outrigger provided, their plan locations, outrigger truss depths and the primary structural materials used[2].
Generally outriggers take the form of trusses when made of steel, and walls when made of concrete, as they are to transmit substantial loads along the building in order to mobilize a tension-compression couple in outer columns, outriggers are often position at several heights and tend to be at least two stories high, both to insure structural solidity and to minimize view obstruction from within the
The minimization of the load occurs through the site orientation of the building and the R-values of the materials used. Although the site is constrained by the historic pattern of the street and houses that are currently there, the building is still able maintain interior temperatures in the ...
According to Suspension bridges: Concepts and various innovative techniques of structural evaluation, “During the past 200 years, suspension bridges have been at the forefront in all aspects of structural engineering” (“Suspension”). This statement shows that suspension bridges have been used for over 200 years, and that people are still using them today because they are structurally better bridges. This paper shows four arguments on the advantages of suspension bridges, and why you should use one when building a bridge. When deciding on building a suspension bridge, it has many advantages such as; its lightness, ability to span over a long distance, easy construction, cost effective, easy to maintain, less risk
Gunel, M. Halis. Ilgin H. Emre. "A proposal for the classification of structural systems of tall buildings" Building
...ad to use cantilevers which were beams anchored at only one end. These beams carry the load to support where the force is concentrated by a moment and shear stress. Fallingwater indeed was a revolutionary structure due to the fact that it had many unique aspects. From how famous the house became, Fallingwater was featured on the cover of Time magazine, in 1938.
However, the success of the building schemes relied on the construction methods and innovations that are now attributed as bei...
Ideally, the frequencies and amplitudes of the TMD and the structure should nearly match so that EVERY time the wind pushes the building, the TMD creates an equal and opposite push on the building, keeping its horizontal displacement at or near zero. If their frequencies were significantly different, the TMD would create pushes that were out of sync with the pushes from the wind, and the building's motion would still be uncomfortable for the occupants. If their amplitudes were significantly different, the TMD would, for example, create pushes that were in sync with the pushes from the wind but not quite the same size and the building would still experience too much motion.
The failure of beam-to-column connections in steel Special Moment Resisting Frames had the most to do with most of the damage in these buildings. In response to the pattern of buildings including SMRF's, there have been studies to improve the design and construction practices to allow for better and more improved buildings. The higher building codes wanted engineers to find new ways to allow homes, apartments or skyscrapers the ability to sustain a powerful earthquake. These engineers borrowed the model from New Zealand engineer Bill Robinson. His method was to use lead-rubber bearings, which minimize the vibrations caused by the earthquake, improving its performance during seismic activity. Many of the old buildings that took damage during the earthquake had to be retrofitted. This was done by either infilling the walls, adding braces, adding buttresses, adding new frames, exterior or interior, completely rebuilding or isolating the building. All of these techniques of retrofitting a building all add extra support to the remainder of the building. Most of the residential structures that took damage and were deemed uninhabitable were the apartments or condominiums that were made of light, wood frames. Also, many houses made using stucco took extensive damages. This was due to the fact that the stucco was not properly installed in the first place,
Works Cited Journal articles: • Lane, Thomas. “Crazy Angles, Soaring Steel.” Building vol. 274 no. 8588 (28) 2009, July 17, pp. 40-46.
The reinforced concrete grade beam (or thickened slab perimeter) distributes the building load evenly across the gravel footer. The size of the grade beam and placement of rebar depends on building loads and should be designed by an engineer. Because the footer itself is literally a drainage way, water cannot settle in or around the structure of the foundation. Without water...
Reinforced concrete is stronger than basic concrete. Steel reinforcing bars known as rebar is incorporated in the concrete structure to act together in resisting the force. The steel reinforcing bars absorbs tensile and compression because plain conc...
According to recent David Fisher’s Dynamic Tower, as it appears for many years all the buildings were stable, but nowadays for example, David Fisher’s Dynamic Tower is a new thinking for future architecture. The rotating tower shows three main futuristic patterns or revolutions. The first revolutionary is about it’s shape, which changes it’s look continuously, and with this each floor rotates distinctly. The second revolution that the Dynamic Tower brings is the system of construction, beside the concrete use, the tower is made of prefabricated unites ,including flooring water piping air conditioning , this units made of steel, aluminum, carbon fiber also other modern materials. The third revolution is came with joining technology with environment (The Dynamic Team, 2014). “Time is the most powerful dimension of our lives. All our life depends on time," states Fisher. "Today's life is dynamic, so the space we are living in should be dynamic as well, adjustable to our needs that change continuously, to our concept of design and to our mood," he states, in a media publication. Buck...
The framing process is probably the fastest part of building a house. A good framing crew can frame an average size house in just a couple of days. The framing of the house consists of the floor system, walls, and roof system. The framing is th...
Load bearing walls are those exposed to the external environment on at least one side.
This module broadens our understanding on the ways in which buildings are constructed and the purpose of choosing materials and structures for buildings. This module is divided into survey, structure, materials and construction. These are taught specifically through lectures, tutorial exercises, drawings and lab test workshops. The lectures were an explanation of the topics in which our knowledge was put into practice by solving and experimenting questions during tutorials and workshops. By the end of the year, we gained great knowledge on the contents of this module by taking part in this structured order of learning and understanding in workshops and tutorials.
Kendall, K. E., & Kendall, J. E. (2011). Systems analysis and design eighth edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson.