3. Types of autofrettage
Autofrettage introduces compressive hoop stresses in the region surrounding the internal diameter, to reduce the magnitude of the hoop stresses developed there when the tube is pressurized. This may be accomplished in one of two ways, as described in sub-sections 3.1 and 3.2.
3.1 Hydraulic Autofrettage
Hydraulic autofrettage involves the application of hydrostatic pressure to the internal diameter of the tube. The stress produced due to the hydraulic pressure should exceed the material yield stress and elastic deformation should begin. The pressure is further increased to propagate the deformation to the desired depth within the tube wall. Non-corrosive and non-compressibility of oil makes it a good fluid for the application as compared to a highly compressible gas. Overall this reduces both the work done when increasing its pressure, and danger
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[9] O’Hara, G P, “Analysis of the Swage Autofrettage Process,” US Army ARDEC Technical Report ARCCB-TR-92016, Benét Laboratories, Watervliet Arsenal, NY 12189, USA, 1992. Even with the use of lubricants a considerable amount of axial force is applied by the mandrel to the tube, a need to constraint it raises. Constraint locations include either the mandrel entry or exit ends. The location determines whether the deformed length of tube is held is tension (the former case) or the un-deformed length is compressed (the latter). Just like the Open- and Closed-Ends cases of hydraulic autofrettage, these axial stresses effect the precision of the radial stress patterns developed. The tube modelled by O’Hara [9] was constrained at its mandrel entry end, around its OD. [9] O’Hara, G P, “Analysis of the Swage Autofrettage Process,” US Army ARDEC Technical Report ARCCB-TR-92016, Benét Laboratories, Watervliet Arsenal, NY 12189, USA,
Total deformation of connecting rod after applied pressure of 16 Mpa is shown in figure no. 8.Small end of connecting rod will show the maximum deformation & there will be no any deformation at big end of connecting rod as it is fixed. The maximum deformation of 1.252 e-8 mm will occur at small end.
and cause of the leak. If a leakage is determine, this will make the vehicle not
Rigid body motion does not change the length of a vector joining the pair of points inside the body and has no concern with the strain analysis. When external forces are applied on an elastic body, the body undergoes deformation. Due to the elasticity of the body, there comes into play a force which resists the deformation. This force is called stress force. Clearly, the deformation of the body is accompanied by the stress force. In other words, stress and strain occur together in inelastic body. There are two types of elastic deformation: (i) Dilatation and (ii) Shear strain set up in the body in such a way that there is a change only in volume but no change in shape, is called dilatation. In the shear deformation, there is a change in the shape of the body without a change in its volume. Dilatations are further categorized into two kinds: compression, in which volume is reduced; and rarefaction, in which the volume is
This is related to the blending of the fluids and rocks of the reservoir. Skeletal properties of interest to reservoir engineers include porosity, pore size distribution, compressibility, and absolute permeability of the rod. Interaction or dynamic properties of reservoir rocks are affected by the nature and by its interaction with present fluids, as...
Smith, Lloyd. "enginnering our favorite pastimeAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers". 132. 4 (2010), 44-48, http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=67982c92-ca09-414f-afff-430401e834cf%40sessionmgr113&vid=1&hid=104. (accessed March 22, 2011).
Mechanical Engineering 130.2 (2008): 6 - 7. Academic Search Complete. Web. The Web. The Web.
Where Has the Talent Gone? Do you ever wonder why many pop singers sound flawless on the radio but terrible at live shows? An important reason for this is the popularity of Auto-Tune. Auto-Tune is an audio program that fixes the pitch of a singer’s voice. A research scientist named Andy Hildebrand, who worked at Exxon Production Research and Landmark Graphics, first created Auto-Tune.
P. Erhard, D. Etling, U. Müller, U. Riedel, K.R. Sreenivasan, J. Warnatz, Prandtl-Essentials Fluid Mechanic 3rd Edition, Sprinker (2008)
Beginning in the 1970’s the CAF expanded the roles of women in the force, especially after the introduction of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. The CAF proudly boasts 14.8% of those working for the force were women. However, 1.7% (960 force members) reported being victims of sexual assault in 2016 alone. Additionally, of these 960 cases, 1/4 reported the assault to a supervisor and 1/10 reported to the military police. This suggests there is a barrier preventing men and women alike from reporting their assault.
This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated.
On a more scientific note I am interested in mechanics of fluids. This interest was enforced last year when I had the opportunity to attend a lecture on fluid mechanics at P&G. At the conference I greatly expanded my knowledge regarding the physical aspect of fluids and their properties. In last year's AS course we have met a topic in this field. I will be applying ideas and knowledge gathered from last year for this investigation.
Flow assurance of hydrocarbon streams in subsea systems, such as pipelines, is a very important subject in the oil and gas industry. It is diverse and encompasses many branches of engineering disciplines. Flow assurance involves handling many solids deposits from hydrocarbon fluid streams that can form in subsea flow lines. Some of the flow assurance risks in subsea pipelines include gas hydrates, slugging, corrosion, reservoir souring, wax, scales etc. Among these flow assurance risks, hydrate formation is of major concern in the oil and gas industry. Hydrates are solid-crystalline compounds formed when water come into contact with light hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane and propane under thermodynamically, usually high pressure and low temperature. Hence, hydrate readily form in flow lines transporting hydrocarbon streams along with produced water often lead to pressure drop in flow lines and eventually plug flow.
Suction and lift are paramount contemplations when pumping liquids. Suction is the vertical separation between the liquid to be pumped and the core of the pump, while lift is the vertical separation between the pump and the conveyance point. The profundity from which a hand pump will suck is restricted by air weight to a working profundity of less than 7 meters. The depth to which a hand pump will lift is administered by the capacity of the pump and the driver to lift the weight in t...
Dynamic viscosities are usually reported in Poise (P) or centiPoise (cP; 1 cP = 0.01P), or in SI units in Pascal-seconds (Pa.s; 1 Pa.s = 10 P). Dynamic viscosity, which is a function of the internal friction of a fluid, is the quantity used most frequently in bearing design and oil flow calculations. Conversely, it is more convenient to measure viscosity in a manner such that the measurement is affected by the density of the oil. Therefore, kinematic viscosities, in the unit of centiStokes (cSt), are commonly used to characterize
Is automation “good” or “bad”? There are arguments on both sides of this issue. On one hand, the cost of production on a per item basis is generally low, on the other hand it is often said that automation takes jobs from people. In the old days manufacturing and fabrication were all done by hand by people. Now that computers and technology have succeeded in the industry, automation has become the competitive advantage in today’s manufacturing world. Automation has allowed for companies to mass produce products at outstanding speeds and with great quality. Although automation is constantly setting the standards for the American workplace and has many advantages, there are also negative aspects about automation. Automation has face some