What is consent? Explain the different types of consent.
The principle of getting permission from a person before doing anything or before doing any medical treatment. Consent is permission granted to proceed or start any work. Every patient has right to give their permission before even touching by a nurse/doctor is called Consent.
There are three types of consent:
• Verbal
• Written
• Implied
Verbal Consent: Verbal consent is a most important consent and is most commonly used. When permission is taken or granted verbally. It may happen when nurse explains any procedure to patient and patient granted their permission verbally or by talking.
Written consent: Written consent is taken when there is any risk factor in the procedure. Organisation or hospital gives forms to get consent from person in written. It is done when there is any risk to the patient’s life
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during the procedure. They also make sure that in written consent everything is covered in writing and patient have to fill and sign their written consent if they agree for the procedure. Implied Consent: The permission given by patient without any formal agreement. This consent is expressly granted by a person. When patient is in operation theatre and doctor is doing surgery and they have to do some procedure to save patient’s life and to continue to procedure the consent is taken as implied consent. Part 2: Describe five of the following principle: • Justice • Autonomy • Integrity • Probity • Trust • Fairness • Beneficence • Non-Maleficence • Open Disclosure • Boundary issues (i.e. therapeutic, relationships, dual relationships, confidentiality, gifts, etc). Trust: According to ethical principle nursing is related to trust. The patient has right to make decisions and nurses must give true and accurate information to patients. Nurses need to work with doctors so that proper information is given. Nurses need to learn how to deal with their patients and patient need to trust nurse as well. The relationship between nurse and patient must base on trust. Providing true information to patient by nurses and patient, providing proper information about any health issues to nurses is based on trust and confidentiality. Justice: Justice means fairness and equality, according to principles of justice in nursing it means providing equal and fair treatment to all patients. Every patient has right to access equal nursing care according to their needs. Nursing care should be distributed fairly among all the patients. When a nurse is providing the care they always providing care according to their needs and fair treatment should be given, if they are not comfortable with some patient nurse has right to say no but they can’t make unfair for patients by giving them not proper care they need. Autonomy: Autonomy means self-governing all decisions or every person has right to make all decisions freely and without any interference.
Making all decisions independently is Autonomy. All patients have independence and freedom to make all decisions regarding their nursing care and they have right to say no to care they don’t want. According to Advance care directives law in NSW all patients has right to make their decisions at the end of their life, they have right of care they want get when they are close to death.
Beneficence: According to the ethical principle of nursing the nurse or other health care professional must think what is best in interest of the patient and what is beneficial for them. This means taking action potential that is beneficial for patients. Reporting abuse if it is notice must be reported and it is beneficial for patients.
Non- maleficence: Non-maleficence means non-harming or to cause less harm and try to reach beneficial outcomes. It is applied in nursing by not causing injury, if it is physically, emotionally, mentally, psychological or financial injury to the
patients.
Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political, and bioethical reasoning. Inside these connections, it is the limit of a sound individual to make an educated, unpressured decision. Patient autonomy can conflict with clinician autonomy and, in such a clash of values, it is not obvious which should prevail. (Lantos, Matlock & Wendler, 2011). In order to gain informed consent, a patient
Consent is necessary from everyone, not only those who can verbalise his or her needs. It is important to find out the persons communication needs so that they can be involved in discussions around their needs and preferences. My duty of care is to ensure that choices are given, and that appropriate support is obtained where there is lack of capacity is the decision is complex and the individual cannot consent. This may be from families or next of kin or using advocates to ensure that the client’s best interests are maintained. There may be past events or requests that could indicate the client’s preferences, and these must be considered when choices have to be made by others. Any preferences should be recorded on care plans and shared with relevant others to be able to determine the best interests of the person. Decisions should also be put off until the client is able to make their own choices where possible and not taken on their behalf through assuming we know
In Amira’s case, an issue of consent is arisen that her GP has not explained to her much about the conditions she is suffering and the medication that he prescribed. Amira was left a little confused because she did not has the chance to ask questions. For obtaining consent, it must be informed and capacity which means that Amira must be given all of the information of the treatment and they understand the information provided by the doctor and they can use it to make a decision (13). Obtaining consent will lead to enhancement of the efficiency to the treatment because Amira is happy and showing agreement to the
By gaining consent Jean's autonomy will be respected and maintained. It is important that all nurses and other health care professions uphold the professional standard when providing direct care to individual, community and groups. Gallagher and Hodge (2012) states reinforce a person's right to exercise choice in relation to personal and bodily integrity and to have that choice respected. Before administrating the medication to Jean the nurse and student nurse made sure that she was given a choice by obtaining consent from Jean first. According to the NMC Code (2015) make sure that you get properly informed consent and document it before carrying out any action.
The four major ethical principles in health care are: Autonomy – to honor the patient’s right to make their own decision (the opposite is paternalism - the health care provider knows best for the patient), Beneficence – to help the patient advance his/her own good, Nonmaleficence – to do no harm (many bioethical controversies involves this principle), and Justice – to be fair and treat like cases alike. All 4 principles are considered to be in effect at all times. In theory, each is of equal weight or importance. Ethical responsibilities in a given situation depend in part on the nature of the decision and in part on the roles everyone involved play.
This provides people with control over their health care when they cannot speak for themselves. In other words, a health care directive is a legal document recognized by a legislative body to promote autonomy (The Health Care Directives Act, 1992). Autonomy is described as the quality to function independently (Mosby, 2013). Autonomy is the fundamental concept of health care directives, it allows people to openly express their personal values and beliefs, without judgement of health care decisions, “…autonomous decisions as those made intentionally and with substantial understanding and freedom from controlling influences” (Entwistle, Carter, Cribb, & McCaffery, 2010). When all information is provided, the individual can make an informed decision about their health care and have a right to no influencing factors. The health care directive document provide people the opportunity to consent to or refuse treatment and who will have the authority to make decisions on the individual’s behalf if unconscious, or mental incapacity arise (The Health Care Directives Act, 1992). In order to fully practice autonomy, especially in regards to health care directives, the appropriate mental development is key to comprehending
Informed consent is the basis for all legal and moral aspects of a patient’s autonomy. Implied consent is when you and your physician interact in which the consent is assumed, such as in a physical exam by your doctor. Written consent is a more extensive form in which it mostly applies when there is testing or experiments involved over a period of time. The long process is making sure the patient properly understands the risk and benefits that could possible happen during and after the treatment. As a physician, he must respect the patient’s autonomy. For a patient to be an autonomous agent, he must have legitimate moral values. The patient has all the rights to his medical health and conditions that arise. When considering informed consent, the patient must be aware and should be able to give a voluntary consent for the treatment and testing without being coerced, even if coercion is very little. Being coerced into giving consent is not voluntary because others people’s opinions account for part of his decision. Prisoners and the poor population are two areas where coercion is found the most when giving consent. Terminally ill patients also give consent in hope of recovering from their illness. Although the possibilities are slim of having a successful recovery, they proceed with the research with the expectation of having a positive outcome. As stated by Raab, “informed consent process flows naturally from the ‘partnership’ between physician and patient” (Raab). Despite the fact that informed consent is supposed to educate the patients, it is now more of an avoidance of liability for physicians (Raab). Although the physician provides adequate information to his patient, how can he ensure that his patient properly ...
Providing the steps to ethically sound excellent care, healthcare providers must acknowledge first the legal and ethical matters involved with proper investigation and then devise a plan for best possible action recognizing the rights of the patient and its benefits followed by the application of the chosen intervention with positive outcome in mind (Wells, 2007). Delivery of excellent and quality of care at a constant level (NMC, 2008) must be marked in any responsibilities and duties of the care provider to promote exceptional nursing practice. Codes of nursing ethics and legal legislation have addressed almost all the necessary actions in making decisions in consideration to the best interest of the patient. Nurses must make sure that they are all guided by the set standard to lead their action and produce desirable and ethically sound outcomes.
Recent developments in standard of care and professional relationship with patients have made law fundamental to the study and practice of nursing. At every stage of patients care, law helps bring up to date nursing practice and it is essential that nurses understand the legal and ethical implications of law in their nursing profession (Griffith and Tengrah, 2011). The purpose of this essay is to discuss the concept of consent in relation to the role of the nurse. This will aim at demonstrate ethical and legal implication of consent on nursing practice and professional working. In the Code (2008, cited in Griffith and Tengrah, 2011) the Nursing and Midwifery Council set standards for nursing professional to follow. Among the rules is the requirement of nurses to obtain consent before care is given.
..., beneficence, non-maleficence and justice help us understand and explain which medical practices are ethical and adequate. These principles are used to protect the rights of a patient and the physician from being dishonored. The principle autonomy allow an individual to act freely in accordance to their self-chosen plan. This means that healthcare providers must always get the patients consent before making any decision about patient’s life. The of non-maleficence states one must cause no harm to an individual. This means that we must always restrain from harming others. The principle of beneficences say that one must always promote good. This means that healthcare providers must always do what is good for the patient. Lastly the principle of justice promote fairness and equally. This mean that healthcare providers cannot act in a prejudice manner toward patients.
Autonomy is identified as another professional value and one that the nurse must possess. Autonomy is the right to self-determination. Nurse’s respect the patient’s right to make a decision regarding their healthcare. Practical application includes, educating patients and their families on their choices, honoring their right to make their own decision and stay in control of their health, developing care plans in collaboration with the patient (Taylor, C. Lillis, C. LeMone, P. Lynn, P,
The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses has five elements that pertain to the Principle of Autonomy. Each individual element applies to “respect individual persons” (Baillie, McGeehan, Garrett T, M., Garrett R. M., 2013, p.33). In Chapter 2 of the Health Care ethics: Principles and problems text, it discusses thouroghly the consent of an individual to make their own decisions regarding their health and future requests of care. As a nurse or within all heath care professions, we must treat each individual patient with care, respect, and to remain mindful to the patient regarding any aspect of their lives. In the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses, it explains ways of maintaining the empathy required in the health field. It further discusses that the respect for human dignity must be a priority, relationships to patients must remain neutral, the severity of the situation, the right to self-rule, and the professionalism that must be upheld by the nurse and their associates.
The right of free consent: Individuals are to be treated only as they knowingly and freely consent to be treated.
Once the patient is informed an informed consent must be obtained. Informed consent is a requirement from the authorized institutional review
There are four ethical principles that can be applied to issues surrounding nurse-patient communication. These ethical principles include Autonomy, Beneficence, nonmaleficence, and Justice. In communication, these principles are important when communicating between the nurse and the patient. Without the principles, ethical issues could result which could be damaging to the nurse-patient relationship as well as result in legal ramifications. Nurses must understand each of these principles when communicating with a patient.