Dido and Camilla - Leaders Blinded by their Passions in the Aeneid

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Dido and Camilla - Leaders Blinded by their Passions in the Aeneid

In Book I of Virgil's Aeneid, Aeneas observes a depiction of the female

warrior, Penthesilea, on the walls of Dido's temple. As Aeneas is looking

at this portrait, Dido enters the temple. Later in Book XI, as Camilla

walks through the carnage of battle, she is likened to an image of

Penthesilea returning home victorious. Virgil presents many such

similarities in his portrayals of Dido and Camilla because it is through

them, the only two female leaders in his work, that he illustrates the

destinies of rulers who fall victim to their passions. To Virgil, a great

leader is one who practices restraint, represses all passions, and embodies

the virtue of temperance, which according to Cicero is a virtue that

"comprises propriety, moderation, decorum, restraint, and self-control."1

To Virgil, a truly great leader must embody temperance on both the throne

and the battlefield. Thus, through his portrayals of Dido and Camilla,

Virgil illustrates the fates of leaders who do not adhere to the Stoic

morality of the 1st century BC Initially, Dido is a great stateswoman while

Camilla is a great warrior. However, they both are overcome by passions

which they cannot repress. Dido, blinded by her love for Aeneas, sacrifices

herself, while Camilla, blinded by her lust for the spoils of war, does not

notice the spear fatally flying in her direction.

Initially Virgil invests in Dido and Camilla the potential to be great

leaders. He describes Dido as a great stateswoman. She rules her city as a

female-King, overseeing its building and preparing it for war. Venus

relates to Aeneas how...

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Her staunch handmaidens, both in peace and war.

Then, leading the battalion of Amazons

So ride the hardened Amazons of Thrace

With half-moon shields, he saw Penthesilea

With drumming hooves on frozen Thermodon,

Fiery amid her host, buckling a golden

Warring in winter, in their painted gear,

Girdle beneath her bare and arrogant breast,

Sometimes around Hippolyta, the chieftain,

A girl who dared to fight men, a warrior queen.

Or when the daughter of Mars, Penthesilea,

Now, while these wonders were being surveyed

Drives her chariot back victorious

By Aeneas of Dardania, while he stood

And women warriors bearing crescent shields

Enthralled, devouring all in one long gaze,

Exult, riding in tumult with wild cries. (XI, 892- 902)

The queen paced toward the temple I her beauty,

Dido, with a throng of men behind. (I, 665- 677)

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