Data Normalization
Data normalization is an important step in any database development process. Through this tedious process a developer can eliminate duplication and develop standards by which all data can be measured. This paper addresses the history and function of data normalization as it applies to the course at hand.
In 1970, Dr. E.F. Codd's seminal paper "A Relational Model for Large Shared Databanks" was published in Communications of the ACM. This paper introduced the topic of data normalization, so-named because, at the time, President Nixon was normalizing relations with China.
Data normalization is a technique used during logical data modeling to ensure that there is only one way to know a fact, by removing all structures that provide more than one way to know the same fact as represented in a database relation (table). The goal of normalization is to control and eliminate redundancy, and mitigate the effects of modification anomalies -- which are generally insertion and deletion anomalies. (Insertion anomalies occur when the storage of information about one attribute requires additional information about a second attribute. Deletion anomalies occur when the deletion of one fact results in the loss of a second fact).
Normalization
There are six generally recognized normal forms of a relation: first normal form, second normal form, third normal form, Boyce/Codd normal form, fourth normal form, and fifth normal form, also called projection/join normal form. Other normal forms (e.g., Domain/Key) exist but will not be discussed here. The normal forms are hierarchical, i.e., each normal form builds upon its predecessor. Although many people consider a relation to be normalized only when it is in third normal form, technically speaking, a relation in only first normal form can be considered normalized.
The Normal Forms
First normal form (1NF) - All attributes must be atomic. That is, there can exist no repeating groups in an attribute. For example, in a relation that describes a student, the student's classes should not be stored in one field, separated by commas. Rather, the classes should be moved to their own relation, which should include a link back to the student relation (called a foreign key).
Second normal form (2NF) - A relation is in second normal form if it is in first normal form and each attribute is fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key. That is, no subset of the key can determine an attribute's value.
Third normal form (3NF) - A relation is in third normal form if it is in second normal form and each non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key, and not on any other non-key attribute.
First, global warming has an immense impact on Arctic Sovereignty as the rise of greenhouse gases thrive in Canada along with other countries. Within 20 years, the polar ice caps of the Arctic have melted twice as fast compared to before. The loss of Arctic ice can furthermore pose a threat to shipping, as navigating the Arctic becomes increasingly challenging. Finally, climate change threatens the extinction of numerous animal species, namely the polar bear. Hence, global warming poses a major challenge to Arctic Sovereignty and Canada along with other members in the Arctic Council must prevent it.
these values are joined by a common value system which is determined by a set of
First, we will explore the concept of happiness in Aristotle’s eyes and the different perspectives in which we will be analyzing it. According to Aristotle, happiness is the highest good in which humans ultimately strive to attain. Happiness is not a state of mind but an activity. To many in modern society, happiness is mainly defined as a temporary state of mind, but for Aristotle, happiness becomes a goal that must be achieved through the course of an entire lifetime. Happiness depends on acquiring a moral character, where one displays the main virtues of courage, gene...
A nursing model is a collection of ideas and knowledge that represents nursing from the writers’ perspective, presenting different ways of looking at and understanding nursing (Aggleton & Chalmers, 2000; Hogston & Simpson, 2002). Thus, nursing model is a concept of what nursing is and are used as a tool to assess patient's needs/problems.
Most people want to be normal. The definition of normal however, depends on the culture of the person making the judgment. Far too often, normal is defined in America by looking at the actions and beliefs of the average white middle class family. This definition of normal fails to let other cultures to be accepted, creating distance and misunderstanding.
In order to achieve happiness one must develop a good character and good habits, thus a virtuous life is created through constant practice. Virtuous thoughts and actions lead to good habits, which in turn lead to a better character. Consequently, one achieves happiness. In conclusion, Aristotle proves that a man leading a good life uses his reason to a virtuous end. Reason, being the attribute that makes man unique, is then used to its best ultimate end.
Happiness is my emotional state when I feel positive emotions. It is the feeling I get when I am enjoying something. This is a familiar concept for all of us, but when Aristotle talks about “happiness” in Nicomachean Ethics, it does not coincide with our modern notions of happiness. “Happiness” is really valuable for Aristotle as he considers it to be the highest good of man and that which every action aims at. He considers it to be something divine.
In the search for the highest good, he assumes that is has three characteristics that stand out despite what the highest good is, these are always the same. It must be desirable for its own sake. Aristotle thinks the way for a human being to be happy in life is for them to successfully lead a life full of rational activity, this is because rationality is the defining human feature, but he also believes it should be in accordance with virtue in order to have a healthy soul. The Aristotelian system has the concept of ‘natural kinds’, Aristotle found this idea appealing. It consists of Species, Genus and Differentia, these ideas separate living things into their natural kinds, for people it would be said that animal is out genus. Human is out species and the differentia, which is what makes us different is our ability to reason and be rational. Because of what human beings are and our ability to be rational, we are unable to live like any other sort of animal because to be happy we must actualise and use our capacity to be rational through activity. Having split the soul up into three parts Aristotle was then able to determine what part happiness was associated with. He came the conclusion that because happiness has to do with the actions one makes it must come from the rational
(A). To begin with, what is happiness in the opinion of Aristotle? For him, these are not material blessings, not spent on pleasure and entertainment life, not success and not wealth. Happiness is first and foremost a coincidence of the virtue of a person with the external situation. In his book "Nicomachean Ethics," Aristotle says: "Happiness is the highest good of man." But what is good? According to Aristotle, it is a constant activity based on the best and most perfect virtues, which are formed through bodily and external benefits, such as health and wealth. According to Aristotle, the human good is hidden in the perfection of the three forces:
According to Knapp’s relationship model, his relationship model explains how relationships grow and last and how they end. His model is categorized into ten different stages which come under two interrelating stages: Knapp's’ relationship escalation model and Knapp's relationship termination model. The stage of the relationship in my group, there are two stages to put into my group: Intensifying and Integration. When a relationship progresses, there will be misunderstands and conflicts, and the so “Indefinite relationship” might fail to persist such a like coming together.
[7] Elmasri & Navathe. Fundamentals of database systems, 4th edition. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA. 2004.
September Arctic sea ice is now declining at a rate of 13.2 percent per decade, relative to the 1981 to 2010 average. According to NASA, it states, ¨Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important heat-trapping (greenhouse) gas, which is released through human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as respiration and volcanic eruptions. Data from NASA's GRACE satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002. Both ice sheets have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009. ¨ 3. The ice is melting a lot at a
Think of bodies of ice bigger than some countries. Bodies of ice that impacts our daily lives. Such chunks of ice are most are commonly known as the North pole or the South pole. In reality, these great bodies of ice found throughout most of the planet and do more than just provide us a cold breeze. They have been contributing in drastic things such as global warming, the water we drink, and many agricultural influences around the globe. As time has passed, naturally, with gas emissions, pollution and global warming has caused the Earth to warm. In exchange, ice caps are melting more and more, and yet as more time passes we will soon see the drastic effects of the disappearance of ice caps. These chunks of ice continue to grow
In the past thirty-five years climate change has been a dilemma around the world, Earth’s surfaces temperatures are at an all-time high and continue to rise, thus triggering us to endure more problems further down the line. Due to the rise in earths temperatures sea ice in the arctic has thinned out and melted over the last several decades, since 1870 seal levels have risen by eight inches due to this crisis. Arctic sea ice is essential to the environment, it forms and grows white ice on top of the ocean reflecting the sun back to space. Polar regions depend on sea ice to keep cool throughout the year, it helps moderates global climate, and it influences the ocean circulation (Song 2012, 4074). Sea ice is vital for animal habitats in the Arctic,
After all, Facebook has been influenced to the world since the start. It allows communication between loved ones to be much easier and accessible through the simple making of an account. It is a popular website, with great features that has attracted over one billion users’ day in and day out. Facebook is one of the top used websites and it continues to dominate the world as the number one used social media network.