LITERATURE REVIEW:
The given article is the work of Mark K. Smith . In this article ‘Curriculum theory and pratice’ ,he explore the meaning of curriculum and four different approaches to curriculum in relation to informal education . He relate curriculum with formal and informal education. Mark K. Smith is a researcher and educator based in London at Developing Learning. He was the Rank Research Fellow and Tutor at the YMCA George Williams College, London (a college linked to Canterbury Christ Church University) and a visiting professor in community education at the University of Strathclyde.He writes many books and he also writes for infed.org and is on the editorial board of youth and policy.
In this article, he actually explain what is curriculum theory and how it is related to informal education.First of all , he gave the definition of curriculum by different authors and follows it with four approaches of curriculum.1)Curriculum as a context 2)Curriculum as a product 3)Curriculum as a Process 4)curriculum as praxis.
He said that the curriculum is not a new term at that time because everyone listen about the curriculum but meaning of it is different for different people.
First of all he gave definition of curriculum by different persons:
1)John Kerr defines Curriculum as
“All the learning which is planned and guided by the school , whether it is carried on in groups or individually , inside or outside the school”(quoted in Kelly 1983).
2)Grundy defines curriculum as
A programme of activities (by teachers and pupils)designed so thst pupils will obtain so far as possible certain educational and other schooling ends or objectives(Grundy1987,11).
3)Set of Basic comptences , goals , contents, methology and eval...
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...proaches of curriculum theory and practice are used in north American curriculum in making of the liberal educatora ,scientific curriculum makers , the developmental mentalists and the social meliorists .
Refernces:
1)Blenkin, G.M.et al (1992) Change and the Curriculu ,London : Paul Chapman.
2)Bobbitt , F. (1918) The curriculum ,Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
3)Grundy, S.(1987) Curriculum : product or praxis? Lewes:Falmer Press
4)Jeffs T. J. and Smith .M.K.(1999) Informal Education.Conversation , Democracy and learning , Ticknall:education Now.
5)Stenhouse , L. (1975).An Introduction to Curriculum Research and Development ,London : Heineman.
6)Smith , M.K.(1996,2000).”Curriculum theory and practice“ the encyclopedia of informal education , www.infed.org/biblio/b-curri.htm.
7)Tyler , R.W.(1949)Basic Principles Of Curriculum And Instruction,Chicago:University of Chicago
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Franklin Bobbitt in The Curriculum writes: ‘The central theory [of curriculum] is simple. Human life, however varied, consists in the performance of specific activities. Education that prepares for life is one that prepares definitely and adequately for these specific activities. People need the abilities, attitudes, habits, appreciations and forms of knowledge and these will be the objectives of the curriculum. The curriculum will then be that series of experiences which children and youth must have by way of obtaining those objectives.’ (Bobbit...
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behaviors which includes ; defining and communicating shared goals, monitor and provide feedback on the teaching and learning process, and promote school-inclusive professional development. Communicating shared goals encompass activities that emphasis attention to the methodological core of schools. Locke and Latham, (1990) lamented that these goals increase the effort exerted by school members, increase perseverance, and increase the development of schemes which will in turn
Bartlett, S and Burton, B (2007) Introduction to education studies. 2nd ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
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Curriculum is the organized framework that explains the content that children are to learn, the processes through which children achieve the identified curricular goals, what teachers do to help children achieve these goals and the context in which teaching and learning occur. The best curriculum for early childhood teacher is developmentally appropriate curriculum that allows teachers to set-up an effective learning environment for children.
A curriculum is a compilation of study materials that are used at all grade levels, classroom and homework assignments and a set of teacher guides. It could also include a list of prescribed methodology and guidelines of teaching and some material for the parents etc. It is generally determined by an external governing body. However, there are some cases where it may be developed by the schools and teachers themselves.
Curriculum is important being it’s the underlying factor that plays a role in determining ones growth, achievement and success. The majority of curriculum con...
Colardyn, Danielle and Jens Bjornavold. "Validation of Formal, Non-Formal and Informal Learning: policy and practices in EU Member States1." European journal of education, 39. 1 (2004): 69--89. Print.
It is believed that the enactment of a curriculum is socially constituted and sustained by individuals within participatory contexts that shape students’ and teachers’ engagement (Gutiérrez & Rogoff, 2003; Holland, Lachiotte, Skinner, & Cain, 1998)....
Designing curriculum, instruction, and assessments are steps teachers use to help them make sense of the concepts they teach and helps drive instruction. These steps can take on many different forms and drive a classroom in a plethora of ways. These steps, when developed properly, can help a teacher utilize each moment in the classroom and help students gain more insight to the standards they need to become proficient.