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Challenges of critical thinking
Literature review of critical thinking
Literature review of critical thinking
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Post your thoughts about the potential impacts of cross-cultural conflicts within the United States.
As a member of the Military Intelligence Community and an All Source Intel Analyst instructor, the concepts of cross cultural awareness is something that I must consider and address frequently. I am a certified instructor for an INSCOM approved Critical Thinking Course that was designed and developed off the teachings of Dr. Richard Paul and Dr. Linda Elder from the Critical Thinking Foundation out of San Francisco, CA. In this course we discuss how different aspects of self and community contribute to the differences experienced across different cultures.
The first thing that we must remember is that cognitive biases in the brain are unavoidable
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and while we may realize that these biases exist it does not change the fact that they affect the way we perceive the world around us. Major cognitive biases that affect cross-cultural conflicts in the US are the projection bias, the belief perseverance effect, and the bandwagon effect, just to name a few. The projection bias effect how we perceive other people. One has the tendency to unconsciously assume that other share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, values, or positions as they do. This is particularly true for Americans. As citizen of the free world we tend to “mirror image” those around us and make inferences regarding those individuals and faulty assumptions regarding what their beliefs are. As the worlds grand “melting pot” we must keep in mind that we have people from many different cultures around the world that bring their own biases in regards to things such as appearance, religious beliefs, concepts of justice, concepts of ethics, gender roles… and the list goes on. The belief perseverance effect is the tendency one has to cling to their beliefs, even in the face of contradictory or disconfirming evidence. This is a strong factor for a mass majority of cross-cultural conflicts in the US simply because of the Rights and Liberties that we have been entitled. We feel that as American citizen we have a God given right to, regardless of undeniable evidence to the contrary, to hold on to what we believe until our last dying breath. This is an issue because those beliefs often collide and cause fractures in our governmental construct. But just as much as it is an issue it is also means for growth and understand of something bigger than ourselves. What this bias can do is start a movement, as it has done in the past, and bring forth attention to issues that may not have been thought of or addressed in the past. The problem with this bias exists when both sides of the perspective refuses to give and no resolution is reached. Lastly, the bandwagon effect is the tendency to (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same.
This is also related to the groupthink and herd behavior. How this effects the cross-cultural conflicts in American is the jumping on the bandwagon because of one’s own little conviction and the ease to fall on the stronger convictions of other. One might feel slighted because of a cultural difference but will use the movements of others to cause unnecessary extremes in peaceful protests. The bandwagon is a compounding effect and has the potential to take a cross-cultural difference that is being brought to the forefront for movement and change, and drive it to conflict and discontent. The bandwagon has the potential to completely destroy the legitimacy of a movement and this has been demonstrated recently with the “Black Lives Matter” campaign. The movement is important and has the possibility to really effect change, however because of the current actions of bandwagon-ers, the movement has received a lot of bad …show more content…
press. Now, we must also consider the actual definition and facts about culture to understand how cross-cultural conflict exists.
First, culture is a shared system of meaning and knowledge conveyed between groupings of people. It is a way of thinking, the guidelines of human relationships, and it operates subconsciously. We learn culture through socialization and there are cultures within cultures… within cultures… within cultures… One can be a member of many cultures in many different places and many different situations. However, often in the US cultural differences are described through ethnic groups which consist of individuals who are bound together, often closely, by a shared cultural structure and sense of ethnic identity. The central and defining feature of an ethnic group may be racial, religious, geopolitical, linguistic, traditional, tribal, or some other combination of these or other characteristics. Because of these close bonds with which these groups are culturally/ethnically connected a tendency, and varying degrees, of ethnocentrism can exist. The ethnocentric view that other ethnic groups and their member are inferior may be expressed in a number of ways. For example, through prejudice, paternalism, contempt, discrimination, scapegoating, racism, and genocide. In the US we have seen several examples of this throughout history and some if these continues to be played out in America
today. It is not always easy to disentangle personal behavior from cultural characteristics. In any cross-cultural encounter, there is always a temptation to feel that the others have bad characteristics or bad intentions, rather than to realize that they are acting according to different rules. Part of what causes misunderstanding in many cross-cultural interactions, is that after we notice something is going on (people are deviating from our code) the natural tendency is to make sense of what is happening using our own cultural programming or points of reference. And with the US consisting of so many cultures and subcultures… this compounds the issues bring rise to plenty of cross-culture conflict to go around. However, it is my belief that just as we have done in the past, we have used our differences to our strength. While it may take us a while to get there, and plenty will be said and fought over, progress will happen and change will be made for the betterment of the people, by the people, for the people.
A Not So 50:50 Nation Culture Wars? The Myth of a Polarized America: Book Review The book Culture Wars? The Myth of a Polarized America by Morris P. Fiorina, Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy C. Pope is a persuasive text regarding America and its division on political topics. In chapter one, Fiorina begins with a powerful quote from Pat Buchanan’s 1992 speech at the Republican National Convention, “There is a religious war…a cultural war as critical to the…nation…as the cold war…for this war is for the soul of America” (Fiorina et al. 1).
Increasingly over the past two decades and in part thanks to the publication of James Davison Hunter’s book, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America, the idea of a culture war in American politics has been gaining attention. While the tension between conservatives and liberals is palpable, it’s intensity has proven hard to measure. However, it doesn’t seem that many Americans are polarized on the topic of polarization as most would agree that the culture war is real (Fiorina, 2005). This thinking is what prompted Morris Fiorina to write the book Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. In it, Fiorina outlines an argument against the idea of a culture war by looking at party affiliation by states, how public opinion on hot button issues changed over time and various explanations for why Americans are so hung up on the topic of polarization. While Fiorina makes a good argument, the evidence supporting the culture war is too powerful to explain away.
(1) Ethnocentrism is looking at one’s own culture and placing it above other cultures, constantly comparing it to the other cultures “below”. In America today, many people look at conflicted areas in the globe such as the Middle East and wonder why their system cannot keep a stable democracy. This idea of constantly comparing other cultures to one’s own and expecting them to be alike or follow the example is a problem in reading historical documents and understanding history as a whole. Nomadic invaders such as the Mongols were described as horrible savage people in the written accounts of the sedentary peoples. This must not be taken quite as literally because accounts tend to be biased more often than not. In examining ethnocentrism, one must always remember that few, if not none, cultures behave extremely irrationally as they may seem. For example, referring back to the views of Middle East today, one must remember that the system of Islamic law and customs has held for centuries, and would not have survived that long if they truly are as irrational as they might seem. Referring back to the example of the Mongols, the attacked people were obviously biased and the Mongols would not have had ruled for so long if they were cruel, savage, irrational monsters. Ethnocentrism is extremely difficult to avoid and is apparent in many documents, such as Columbus’s description of the American Natives (in comparison to the “civilized” Europeans), and should be dealt with carefully. In order to understand all sides of an account, one must look at what is written with deference and understanding.
Throughout times there has been this belief that one’s culture is better than others. We believe that our traditions, food, clothing, and customs are superior to those in other cultures. This belief system is called ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism originates from the Greek words “ethnos” meaning “people” and “Centrism” meaning “center” (“What Does Ethnocentrism Mean?”). This means that one’s ideas and values are centered on the superiority of their own group. Having an ethnocentric attitude changes how we view other cultures and limits our capability to be culturally relative to others not a part of our own.
In today’s society, Cultural diversity in the United States of America can be seen in all aspects of life, such as in the media, workplace, household, and schools. Cultural diversity is defined as the characteristic of diverse cultures, as contradicting to monoculture, as in a homogenization of cultures, affiliated to cultural decay. In this present stage America, most individuals inaccurately use phrases such as “American culture,” or “Western culture,” as if such common and standardized cultures exist. People, in general, neglect to acknowledge the presence of cultural diversity, and cultural differences within the American society.
In such a multicultural world, being knowledgeable and understanding of not only your cultural background, but that of others is essential. Building my awareness on cultures different from my own, and how it shapes an individual’s identity, will foster my personal and professional development. Subsequently, I conducted a cultural interview with an individual whose cultural background differed from my own. Several similarities and differences between our cultures were apparent in the interview, specifically in the areas of race, ethnicity, language, values, and worldview.
Shiraev, E. B., & Levy, D. A. (2010). Cross-cultural psychology: Critical thinking and contemporary applications (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn Bacon.
Dominant social groups in a society often determine what counts as culture. In the first piece, the writer mentioned how novice teachers and students work. Teachers tend to disentangle race and culture instead of suture those two. They use “cultural” as a catchall phrase to describe cultural student’s misbehavior.
For example, teams from the United States would easily engage in a controversial discussion’s and be willing to challenge their facilitator, but participants from other cultures may be more reluctant to do so because of their cultural norms. Some cultures are taught to question everything; so they are more likely to ask why and want justification for the content and an explanation for the methods of a program. Cultural values can affect how a learning process is implemented, how feedback is provided, and the overall setting in which learning and development can be taken full advantage of. This is why cultural context must always be considered with Leader
What is culture? Many people ask themselves this question every day. The more you think about it the more confusing it is. Sometimes you start leaning to a culture and then people tell you you’re wrong or they make you feel like a different person because of your culture. I go through this almost every day. Because of the way I was raised I love Mexican rodeo but I was born and raised in Joliet. This can be very difficult trying to understand culture. I live in this huge mix of culture. Culture is personal. People can have many cultures especially in America and because of globalization. Cultural identity is not one or the other, it is not Mexican or American. Cultural identity is an individual relevant thing.
Within the United States there is a huge diversity of cultures. Culture is many different things, it is a tradition, it is the values and beliefs passed down from generation to generation, and culture is the identity of any country. Culture helps to identify one cultural group from the other. Although we may live in the same country,city, or state we still differ from one another by the way we dress, our beliefs, language, traditions, music, art, food, religion, and politics.
Ethnocentrism is when one culture judge’s another culture by the standard of their own (Health, 2001). Stereotypes, biases, and prejudices against other people are all in a sense a form of ethnocentrism (Astle, Barton, Johnson, & Mill, 2014). It is okay to be proud of your own culture, but you need to remember to do so in such a way, that you are not putting down any other culture (Arnold, 2016).
Cultural intelligence is the capability that could give insights on how to cope with multi-cultural situations and how to engage properly in intercultural interactions. It is the individual’s ability to interact effectively in culturally diverse situations (Brislin, Worthley & Macnab, 2006). We could consider the cultural intelligence as constantly improving concept; something we can develop over time and it is not only changes through experience, but also through knowledge as well, which includes communication with other
Ethnocentrism, as stated above, means the belief that one’s own culture is above and beyond all other cultures. Although this is somewhat of a shallow definition, it still provides an adequate explanation of a very complex issue. We see ethnocentrism every single day, in all aspects of life. The United States of America is a prime example of ethnocentrism is action. The people of this country have a tendency to disregard other cultures, instead believing that American culture is the only way to go. This is not to say that this is how everyone thinks, although most people, at one time or another, have had thoughts along these lines.
Our world is constantly changing and it requires a society that is well versed in understanding the problems deriving from culture differences and tolerance of one another’s beliefs and perceptions. We are dealing with systemic problems in education, economic, government, religion and culture differences.