The reliability and validity of each selected item were also assessed. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability. The convergent validity was used to assess the construct validity among the selected items using the correlation between: a) pain intensity item with BPI-Pain Intensity, b) pain interference item with BPI-Pain Interference, ODI, and SF-12 Physical Component Summary, c) sleep item with BPI-Pain Interference, d) fatigue item with SF-12 Physical Component Summary and ODI, e) depression item with HADS-Depression and PHQ-9, f) anxiety item with HADS-Anxiety, g) physical function item with SF-12 Physical Component Summary and ODI, and h) social function item with Physical Component Summary and ODI. It was hypothesized that the
Despite finding Harley’s article easier to absorb, I will be providing insight and knowledge of Scannell’s article “Dailiness” as I drew interest into his concepts and ideas behind the notion of temporality of everyday life. After Scannell’s reading, I could see myself reflecting different notions of time and ‘media time’, through his concepts of routinisation and the ‘care structures’ of dailiness I became exposed to the recurring cycle we live in.
Historians can either disagree or agree into a situation to find the meaning of outcomes. Certainly the past had happened the way it is therefore history is always explained from other people’s perspective. The perspective of historians such as Bernard Baiylin or Gary Nash can relate to the American Revolution, however Baiyln has a stronger argument because he expands the topic, gives great information that readers can pick up right away, and has reliable sources while Nash’s argument is weak because of difficult wording, relies on common data, and lacks of direct facts that relate to his topic.
In this essay, I will argue that though Strawson’s Basic Argument is sound, society has constructed a more applicable version of the term “acting morally responsible” which holds us all accountable for our actions. Firstly, I will provide a brief overview of the Basic Argument as well as distinguish between Strawson’s and society’s definitions of being morally responsible. Secondly, I will justify Strawson’s first premise. Finally, I will raise and refute the response of author Ian McEwan.
Since it was designed as a self-report tool that assesses a broad scope of clinical conditions, its reliability and validity can be considered as strong. In its 478 items, the MMPI-A covers the 10 original scales of MPPI, six validity scales, PSY-5 scales, and 15 content component scales. Then there are also three social introversion sub-scales, the 31 Harris Lingoes sub-scales and six supplementary scales. More importantly, studies of the MMPI-A have shown high test and retest consistency through which reliability and validity can be guaranteed (Gass & Odland, 2012). With the exception of the MF scale that is part of the four factor model, the remaining three which are General Maladjustment, Social Introversion and Over-Control, relevantly address the behavioral problems exhibited by Jane. Hence, it is imperative that the racial disparity of the MF scale be considered from a cultural perspective because studies have shown that there is a tendency of non-Whites scoring higher than other races (Gass & Odland, 2014). Ideally, the variations in cultural values must be considered when applying the test on Whites and non-Whites since the differences reflect socio-economic factors rather than racial
The aforementioned primary stress components are stress-inducers, stress mediator, and stress indicators based on the areas of life events, personality, and psychopathology. Each of the primary stress components has their own corresponding numbers or scale to determine the total stress score. A DSP ...
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96(2), 234-254. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.234
The reliability and validity were researched by using three types of studies: mixed diagnostic group, certified patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R anxiety disorders and a non-clinical sample. It should be noted that the that was used population were psychiatric patients s...
Rating scale is a measurement based on psychometric theory and it consists of a single line. Respondents are asked to place health state on the line to reflect their perceived values of different health states. Usually, researcher would ask patients to score each outcome on a scale with the anchors 0 (death o...
Very few people can deny that we are living in an unprecedented era of human development, be it good or bad. Even if industrialism can be considered good now, do we want human’s record on the Earth for millions of years to be the smokestacks of a factory? We manipulate everything from the movement of whole bodies of water using dams, to the basic DNA in animals with bioengineering. But has human action’s altered nature so much that it has progressed shifted something as massive as a geological epoch by millions of years? It has according to Charles Mann and Paul Crutzen, who suggested that the Holocene epoch is done, and we are in a new era. They each suggested renaming the epoch Homogenocene and Anthropocene respectively, which are founded
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
The researchers tested their hypotheses in two methods. In the first method the researchers selected 78 individuals. 65 of the individuals were women. The participants chosen were on average 21 years of age. The participants also had been in a romantic relationship for 20 months. The participants were asked to keep a paper sleep diary in which they would write in every day and night for 2 weeks. The participants were then told to transfer the information to an online diary and asked to answer a few questions about their experience. The information the participants needed to keep track of was kept short. The information noted were things like: how long it took for the participant to sleep, how many times the participant woke up, how long they slept, the quality of sleep, and how tired they felt that day. Each category was scored using a 5 point number scale. The lower the score the better.
According to Terre Blanche, Durrheim and Painter (2006), reliability is “the degree to which results are repeatable”. It can apply to the scores achieved by the study or the study as a whole. A more reliable study will yield similar results no matter how many times the test is repeated. In order to calculate the reliability for this study Split-half reliability, Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman Brown prophecy will be used.
An SPSS data analysis was conducted to synthesis and analyse the raw results. Through the SPSS software, a t-test was conducted for the three sets of data obtained. For hypothesis 1 and 2, an independent t-test was conduced and for hypothesis 3 a repeated measures t-test was conducted.
In conclusion the author has clearly defined and provided usable examples of each four levels of measurement scales that are commonly known as nominal, ordinal, ratio, and interval scales. The author has also discuss how each scale of measurement can be applied and incorporated into the development of a questionnaire use for collecting data.
The data and facts are supported and substantiated by questionnaire, graphical and statistical tools have been used, and analysis and suggestions have been furnished for a better perspective.