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Martin luther and the reformation essay
The impact of the Renaissance in Europe
The impact of Luther on the Catholic church
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The catholic reformation was the creative force to Protestantism. As a result, the council of Trent (1545–1563) was an effect of the catholic reformation. The council of Trent was one of the most important ecumenical councils held in Bologna, northern Italy. During this time, the Renaissance was taking place in Europe. The citizens started to rebel against the church authority. Moreover, During the Renaissance, a catholic priest name Martin Luther began the protestant reformation during the 16th century due to his ninety five theses. Martin Luther believed that religion does not have to do with strictness, or to be afraid of God; instead he believed in salvation and in faith. If a person has faith in his beliefs, He would have salvation. One …show more content…
piece written by Martin Luther was “A Mighty Fortress”. This piece is based on psalm 46 and it was very popular during the protestant reformation. The hymn correlated with Luther himself because it demonstrates words and melody. It has the sense of confidence. The council of Trent influenced the performance and style of sacred music in Italy because it influences many artist and composer during this era.
One composer was Giovanni Pierluigi Da Palestrina who was born in Palestrina, a town near Rome during February 3, 1525- February 2 1525 and died in February 2, 1594. During 1544 to 1551 Giovanni was an organist of his principal church in his native city: St Apagito. Around this time he published his first book compositions which was recognized by Pope Julius III. Giovanni Pierluigi Da Palestrina was the most recognize composer of the Roman school of musical composition. During the 16th century, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was also known for writing masses and motets. Masses means music set to the ordinary of the mass (kyrie,Gloria,Credo,Sanctus,agnus and del). Motet means polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than the ordinary of the mass. Giovanni Pierluigi Da Palistrina composed 104 masses and 250 motets. One of his pieces that complied with the musical requirements of the Council of Trent (Catholic Counter-Reformation.) was Palestrina; “Kyrie, Gloria, and Agnus del from Missa Papea Marcelli”. This was composed during the late 1550s or early 1560s in memory of Pope Marcellus. This was written with the intent of saving music. This piece includes polyphonic characteristics. Polyphonic means two or more equally interesting lines of music playing
simultaneously. If I was alive during this era in time I would prefer the music of Palestrina due to the fact that it associates with mass and motets. I prefer motets and masses because it is sacred because my family is Catholic.
In an article in Musical Quarterly in 1999, Beth L. Glixon wrote that Strozzi was “the most prolific composer – man or woman – of printed secular vocal music in Venice in the middle of the 17th century”. In 1644, Strozzi published her first opus “the first work that I, as a woman, all too daringly bring to the light of day”. Dedicated to the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, these madrigals featured texts written by her father. Her remaining eight published collections appeared after Giulio Strozzi died in 1652, with some texts written by her father’s friends; others by herself. Almost all of her works were secular and most were written for a lyric soprano. They show her flexible mastery of musical form as she moved easily between cantatas, ariettas and duets. Her significant body of work included six volumes of cantatas, more than any other composer working in that genre at the time.
They were two great composers who were associated with the Sistine chapel choir Josquire Despres and Giovanni Palestrina. Their music was stunning and beautifully which was brilliantly and magnificent religious music ever created its complex polyphonic composition which it has three
This caused a lot of deaths during the Reformation period because the Catholic church decided to prosecute people for following and listening to what Luther had taught them about the real Catholic Teachings. The Council of Trent was a way to stop the teachings of Catholic traditions and state clearly the renewal of the Catholic life. The work of the council was concerned with the organisation of the Church. A seminary was going to be set up for the education of priests in each diocese. During the reformation a Catechism which is a clear summary of Catholic beliefs was set out to help reform the order of Mass throughout the Catholic world which priests then helped educate and teach this understanding to Catholics. Indulgence selling was abolished which means that it was no longer a way for the Church to scavenge money and the infamous Inquisition was
Mozart then wrote the entire musical score completely from memory. He only had to correct minor errors to correct when he heard it again. When Mozart was in Italy, he wrote his famous operas Mitridate, re di Ponto, Ascanio in Alba in 177, and Lucio Silla in 1772.
Initiated by Pope Paul III to condemn and refute protestant beliefs, it would eventually lay the principles of catholicism for four centuries. They were able to condemn the reformation by approving the Index of Forbidden Books, which would punish anyone who possessed a list of books that supported Protestantism or were critical of the church in Catholic Countries. They defended their religion through scriptures and other traditions. It would eventually acknowledge and curtail the abuses in sale of indulgences, sale of church offices, give bishops more power from clergy, and establish seminaries to train priests. The Council of Trent existed to condemn protestants in order to protect their faith, but in turn would have to decrease some of their
In this style of composition, it was very common for composers to use a Gregorian chant as a base to compose original pieces. As a general rule, the tenor voice sang the Gregorian chant, and the upper voices have new original material. Machaut followed this line by putting the chant Ad te suspiramus gementes et flentes on the tenor voice in his piece; whereas, Philippe De Vitry composed original music for all voices. Although the piece by De Vitry is called a motet, it might be just labeled as a polyphonic composition since all the voices have original music.
During the Medieval period the Catholic Church had an enormous amount of power and control over the people of that time. The Medieval period began with the collapse of the Roman Empire around the year 450. Then with much of Europe in disarray, the Roman Catholic Church, the main unifying force at the time, unified many cultures together. “All segments of society felt the powerful influence of the Roman Catholic Church. In this age of faith, hell was very real and heresy was the gravest crime” (Kamien 63). The church controlled everything and it was of greatest importance in this period. “Very little non-Christian music from this period survived, due to its suppression by the Church and the absence of music notation…” (History of Music). The enormous Gothic Cathedrals and churches demonstrate how powerful and important the church was. The amount of physical labor put into each one shows the devotion of the people to God and the church in the medieval time period. Life in these times revolved around the church so it makes sense that the music of this time also revolved around it. The composers of this era were often involved with the church. They were usually priests, monks, or nuns. For example Hildegard of Bingen, a nun from Germany, who, wrote many musical pieces and other forms of art.
It was an early age when Monteverdi’s career began, he then published his first pieces, and this was based on as a collection of three-voice motets, at the age of fifteen. It was by 1591, when he went to Mantua as a musician for the Gonzaga court, by then he had already published books of “spiritual madrigals” in 1583, then another canzonettas in 1584, by 1587 and 1590 he published his first two books of “madrigals.” It was in Mantua he continued writing madrigals, and then in 1607 he produced his first work in the new genre of opera, the setting was of Orfeo. 1613, he was then appointed maestro di cappella at ST. Mark’s Cathedral which was held in Venice. Monteverdi had remained in Venice for the rest of his life, writing music in all different kinds of genres, including his final opera, “incoronaszione di Poppea in 1642.
During Luther’s early life he faced a severe inner crisis. When he sinned he looked for comfort in confession and followed the penance, the fasting, prayer and observances that the church directed him. But, he found no peace of mind and worried about his salvation. But reading St. Paul’s letters he came to believe that salvation came though faith in Christ. Faith is a free gift, he discovered, it cannot be earned. His studies led him to a conclusion that, “Christ was the only mediator between God and a man and that forgiveness of sin and salvation are given by god’s grace alone” (Martin Luther, 01). Historians agree that, “this approach to theology led to a clash between Luther and the Church officials, precipitating the dramatic events of Reformation”.
1525, Palestrina, near Rome and died on February 2, 1594, in Rome. He is considered to be one of the most renowned Italian Renaissance composers. “Palestrina composed more than 105 masses and 250 motets, a master of contrapuntal composition”. (http://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Pierluigi-da-Palestrina). Palestrina even in the modern day is considered to be a role model and a legend of the Italian school. His fame got him so far where he was requested to overwrite churches’ primary plainchant books. Palestrina’s most famed Mass is Pope Marcellus Mass or Missa Papae Marcelli. It was written in honor of Pope Marcellus the second, hence the name. The mass like the most Renaissance masses consist of: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus Benedictus, and Agnus Dei. However, Pope Marcellus mass isn’t based off the cantus firmus. His setting “The Marcellus is a musical setting of the so-called Ordinary of the mass—that is, the texts that remain constant throughout the annual church calendar”. (http://www.britannica.com/topic/Pope-Marcellus-Mass) Palestrina makes the use out of the both imitative polyphony, where he the separate lines are analogous in their sounds and shapes, as well as homophonic where you have one melody at one time, while everything else is used for the accompaniment purposes. The masse’s choir contains six voices: Tenor in two parts, baritone, bass, alto and soprano. The Agnus Dei is set in two sections. As far as the analysis of the parts goes - “The first iteration of Agnus Dei recalls the melodic shape and feeling of the Kyrie while the second Agnus Dei introduces an additional soprano part to the texture and explores all manner of canonic imitation as the work comes to a tranquil close”. ("Palestrina: Kyrie, Gloria, and Agnus Dei from Missa Papae Marcelli." San Francisco Symphony. Web. 8 Oct.
At its core, the Council of Trent was held by the leadership of the Catholic religion as a way to respond to the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic religion seemed to be under fire. After Martin Luther posted his Theses, he translated the Old and New Testament from Latin into German to make it more accessible to the common man (Flint 322). The Protestant belief that there was no need for an intermediary between God and Man undermine the basic tenets of Catholicism, The Catholic Church was forced to respond in a way that answered the people’s
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was a composer during the Italian Renaissance. He was firstly a composer of sacred music, having composed more than 300 motets, 105 masses, 72 hymns and many more works of a sacred variety. Giovanni was born in his namesake city, Palestrina, a city near Rome. He studied the European style of polyphony under Robin Mallapert and Firmin Lebel in Rome. He spent ten years as the organist for the cathedral of St. Agapito in Palestrina, where he published his first compositions which made such an impression on Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, later to be known as Pope Julius III that the Pope promoted him to music director of the Jullian Chapel. After his time at St. Agapito, he spent the rest of his life in Rome
Martin Luther a German theologian and religious reformer was the founding figure of the protestant reformation, the break from the Catholic Church, which in many ways marks the beginning of modern Europe. A well-expressed preacher and huge writer, Luther attacked many abuses of the Catholic Church, especially the papacy. The source of his spiritual revelation was not political or institutional but came from his inner fight of conscience. Like other people of his day, Luther was horrified that god would in the end reject him for his sins. He found a word in the bible called “Law” which increased his terror, but he also discovered a word god called “Gospel,” the good news and promise of mercy in Christ, which shed all of his worries. By his words and actions, Luther caused an action that reformulated certain rudimentary Christian belief and the division of Western Church between Roman Catholics and the Protestant traditions. He is one of the most influential person in the history of Christianity.
Many of the songs we have today of the Middle Ages were in Latin, and are by anonymous composers. Many were written by wandering people, many of them men and churchmen without permanent residences of their own. Men who could not obtain a position in the Church and had to drop out were called goliards. These goliards wandered around the land, composing and performing for people. Their music was mostly comprised of the "’eat, drink, and be merry’ type, appropriate to the wanton kind of life the goliards lived" (Stolba, 99). Carl Orff, the composer of the Carmina Burana, used the poems found in the largest surviving records of Latin secular music that we have today. The Codex latinus 4660 was held in the Benedictine monastery at Benediktbeurn. Many of the songs speak of love, many of them lascivious. Others speak of drinking, satires of the religious life and even liturgical plays. A few of them are even written in the vernacular of the region in that time (Stolba, 99).
The Renaissance and Reformation was a time of rejuvenation. It was an age filled with art, philosophical and literary phenomenons. Among them are the master of sculptures and a plethora of paintings, Michelangelo, and the most famous philosophical teacher of the time, Pico Della Mirandola, who wrote what has been called 'the manifesto of the renaissance'. For Christianity's sake, the most important is Martin Luther, who wrote a letter to Pope Leo X, calling out the moral corruption of the church and the wrongdoings and how they are saved by faith alone. The letter basically says: while I've attacked the church I've never necessarily attacked you. But, if you want an attack I can give you one. In fact, here is why I am right and you're wrong. He develops his argument by citing scripture: Romans 3:10-12 and John 6:27. He states that a Christian becomes righteous, not by anything to do with the flesh, but by faith; by accepting Jesus. Luther's beliefs are that good works do not make a good person but a good person does good works. Works aren't done for ourselves, but to show God and others our love.