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Influence of the digital revolution
File sharing methods
Influence of the digital revolution
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Using an illustrative case study from the Web (site, application, event, etc.), analyze and discuss the significance of what Henry Jenkins calls ‘convergence culture’. Make specific reference to two or three of the major areas of tension he identifies as shaping the contemporary media environment. Significant innovations have occurred across the business or intermediate services sectors and the domestic or consumer service sectors, across the fields of entertainment, communication, and information sharing and the website that I am using for my case study is one of them. Imeem.com is a unique file sharing social networking site where individuals pool their time, experience, wisdom, resources, and creativity to form new information, knowledge, and cultural goods. Drawing from Henry Jenkins work I will focus on how the website is redesigning the digital economy, renegotiating relations between producers and consumers and reengaging the citizens. In 2007 the four largest record companies in the world Universal, Warner Music Group, Sony BMG and EMI, signing a deal with Imeem allowing the domain to feature content of the artists signed by the record companies legally. Meaning that, Imeem was now the first website whose users had the music industry's blessing, to share music for free in return for a cut of advertising revenues from the website. It seemed that both Imeem and the music industry had learnt immensely from the Napster incident. Imeem was founded by Dalton Calwell (ex-VA Linux) and Jan Jannink (formerly of Napster) and many of the core engineers came from the original Napster file sharing service. It maybe for this reason that their is a significant difference between Napster and Imeem. Which is while Imeem only allows you to upload and play music on its website, Napster allowed its users to download songs onto their hard drive. For the music industry all that the Napster incident accomplished was to drive file-sharing underground where the recording industry couldn't get a cut of the profits. Had they approached Napster in 2000 the way they approached Imeem, they could have been collecting ad revenue from every file-sharing transaction over the last eight years. Instead, they wasted a lot of money on lawsuits, angered a lot of their customers, and ultimately had to concede that music sharing might be OK as long as they get a cut. For fairly obvious reasons, we usually think of such networks, which began with Napster, as a “problem”.
Napster is a virtual community, which consists of music news and chat-rooms, the main feature it offers is an easy way to download MP3's (music files). This controversial service has brought the lawsuit to Napster. Napster allows its subscribers to download the music files without charge. It is not however, from Napster that the subscribers get these files. It is from each other. The users share their hard drives so that other users can download any of their music files that they want.
So why are people like Metallica and Dr. Dre so angry with Napster? One reason, unrelated to record sales, is that Napster offers unperfected versions of unreleased songs that these artists do not want released until they are completed.
According to the text A Gift of Fire, Napster “opened on the Web in 1999 as a service that allowed its users to copy songs in MP3 files from the hard disks of other users” (Baase, 2013, p. 192, Section 4.1.6 Sharing Music: The Napster Case). Napster was, however, “copying and distributing most of the songs they traded without authorization” (A Gift of Fire, Section 4.1.6 Sharing Music: The Napster Case). This unauthorized file sharing resulted in a lawsuit - “eighteen record companies sued for contributory infringement claiming that Napster users were blatantly infringing copyrights by digitally reproducing and distributing music without a license” (Communications Law: Liberties, Restraints and the Modern Media, 2011, p. 359).
In this case, there are three main effects of Napster on the recording industry. The first one is that it caused a large decline in record sales in a short time. According to this case, the spending on recorded music in U.S dropped 4.1% in 2001 and the industry’s top 10 albums also sold much less compared to the year before. The second effect is that it cased the sales of CD burners, blank CDs and digital audio players increase and nowadays, most new computers come with CD-RW drives installed, which means people can easily store downloaded music, share music with friends and take it with them anytime as well. The third effect is that it increased the cost of recorded music. Once people can download free music through peer-to-peer software services, they have less incentive to buy original editions, which will make recording industry spend more to fight against copyrights and invest more in new artists and new music. Overall, these three effects make the recording industry go through a hard time.
Since 1999, the situation around music has been changed drastically. In that year, the novel software “Napster” was released. With this software, people became able to get any file they want easily, sometimes illegally. Some musicians and people in the entertainment industry have tried to exterminate that P2P “Peer to Peer” technology. But it looks as if their efforts are in vain. People are going to use P2P technology more and it might as well become the official way to handle music distribution. The music industry should rather take advantage of the technology than keep trying to exterminate it.
Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York UP, 2006. Print.
Mass media has gone through quite a transformation over the past decade where there were only a couple forms of media. Today mass media has many different forms, from the TV, to the internet, to radio, to social media sites; the list goes on and on. In this paper I will discuss the evolution of mass media during the last century, as well how these developments influence American culture. Furthermore, I will discuss the term media convergence and how it affects our everyday life in ways we never even gave a second thought to. Lastly, I will discuss the absolute importance of media literacy for responsible media consumption
Napster was the pinnacle of this combination of recording technology and the internet. Napster was an internet company that launched in 1999 and focused on music streaming and music downloading. At the time Napster was the only real web company looking at the industry of music streaming and music downloads and as a result , Napster saw tremendous success in the first few years of its life and taking the crown as the fastest growing business ever , a record still unbeaten today. Napster’s focus with regards to peer-to-peer music sharing was ease of accessibility and speed , and in both areas they excelled. Napster made peer to peer music sharing easier than anyone had previously thought possible with the introduction of their massive online music market place in which people could share any type of free mp3 into one mainstream directory. However much like streaming services that push the envelope of accessibility Napster ran into several problems along the way and faced heavy opposition.
The first online peer to peer file-sharing application was Napster. Napster allowed people to copy music from their CDs onto their computers in mp3 format. They then allowed other members of Napster to download these songs onto their computers. Once this caught on, millions of people were downloading thousands of songs a day. And as you can imagine, this did not make the record companies happy with the idea that people were getting their music for free instead of buying the CD. It also caused a problem with some of the recording artists. Most notably Metallica.
Joseph STRAUBHAAR and Robert LaROSE (2002). Media Now. Communications Media in the Information Age. 3rd Edition. Belmont, Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.
The age of convergence refers to “the flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behaviour of media audiences who will go almost anywhere in search of the kinds of entertainment experience they want” (Jenkins 2003 p2-3) Using Jenkins et al. ’s white paper to
Understanding Media Guinevere Osental HUM/186 September 14, 2015 Allyson Wells Understanding Media Different forms of ways for people to connect have evolved throughout the years. From media emergence to media convergence, people had put mere thoughts or ideas of better communication into the technology every person owns today today. Media has made a way throughout the world, changing as people discovered and invented new ways for more and more people to connect with more people. Understanding how media had evolved through developments, ways of influence, and convergence can help people have a better understanding of media. Media Developments
Communication Theory Name Institution Media Convergence Media convergence provides new opportunities for media to serve individualized purposes while expanding people’s options for information and entertainment content. As an array of media expands, news is edited to suit the tastes of relatively small audiences (Baran & Davis, 2012). The resultant cultural convergence brings about deep changes even in the established media companies, as they have had to reconsider the prevailing cultural consumption of the media (Martnez & Alonso, 2015). Considering the enabled ease to media multi-task, as Martnez & Alonso (2015) argue, users find new forms of content consumption with an interactivity that facilitates media consumers to simultaneously assume the content producer and consumer roles because of the capacity to operate from any device. The enhanced quality and flexibility in consumption and dissemination enhance the demand for media among users whose needs were not met previously (Martnez & Alonso, 2015).
The definition of “convergence” is originally “the interlinking of computing and ICTs, communication networks, and media content that has occurred with the development and popularisation of the Internet, and the convergent products, services and activities that have emerged in the digital media space” (T Flew, 2008). Many economists consider this definition does not fully describe the scale and root nature of media convergence, since all aspects of our institutional and social life - from art (digital paintings and CG technology) to business (direct selling and consulting via AI assistant, E-commerce marketplace and digital payment), e-government platform to entertainment content providers and streaming
When you download a song or music with paying it is the same as you steal the money from the artists, because that’s the income for their hard work. Admittedly speaking, illegal downloading could expand market of music and movies, especially for those producers who are unfamiliar to most people. The illegal downloading music becomes a common phenomenon for many people who have experience on the Internet. Despite the legal and moral issues, majority of the people will accept how convenience the downloading music form the Internet will be. The digital music format has been available for a while for customers. Shawn Fanning, a young 18 years old student, created Napster in June 1999. Napster originated from two simple ideas, and achieved a straight goal: combining easily a file sharing program and a music search engine for seeking and distributing music on the Internet becoming easier. Although Napster lost the trial against the Recording Industry Association of America, the music...