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Religious pluralism vs religious tolerance
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Bethany,
Thank you so much for sharing your thoughts and beliefs. I am grateful that you are willing to be vulnerable about your experiences. I, too, will try to be equally open.
As I read your email, I could not help but be struck with the irony of the situation. Who would have thought that years ago in our dorm room one day I would be defending Christianity against your objections of contradictions to the faith! That sentence may put you on guard, but please understand that the following response is purely meant to explain my perspective. Also, please do not worry about the length of your email, as I need to apologize in advance to the length of this one. Actually, I take that back. Some things are worth taking the time to say. So, please, with patience, read on.
In response to your question on relativism, what I mean is that the underlying assumption in society is: there is no absolute truth. You believe what you want, and that is okay because I can believe what I want. Toleration is simply stating that I will not contend
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with your beliefs because, in the end, we don't know which of us is correct. I was making a sweeping generalization; no, I do not mean that everyone has stopped searching for truth. I mean that our culture informs us there is no truth; only what feels right for you. This is juxtaposed to what we do, which is constantly seek for a belief system that we adopt as true. My point is that society is unwilling to debate the validity of different belief systems because everyone is afraid of offending each other. Before I proceed, I feel the need to clarify. I felt this email mirrors the exact reason communication with you and Louvie ceased, and so I want to be blunt. My rebuttal is not condemnation. It is not judgment. It is making an argument from the Christian perspective about your beliefs. If you reject Christianity, then I hope we can enter into a dialogue about whether or not God's moral system is righteous. I believe you are correct in that you cannot be a Christian and reject His teachings; if you reject His moral standards as written in the Bible, you write Him off as an unjust god. I cannot help but feel you have misunderstand the basic tenant of the Christian faith. Your statement that Christianity overemphasizes the afterlife demonstrates that no one has explained that Christianity is about living with Christ (I do not accept Christ as an insurance policy for my soul but to have fellowship with the Creator at all times of my existence, this life included). Neither did you respond to my direct question: have you ever experienced the in-dwelling of the Holy Ghost. If you had, you would know. He is not like any other spirit. I then, although being forward, can reasonably conclude you have never accepted Christ as your Savior because the in-dwelling of the Holy Spirit is the mark of salvation (Ephesians 1:12-14). I will therefore make the assumption that you are familiar with Scripture and Biblical teaching but have not been in a relationship with the Father, Son, or Holy Spirit. Therefore, I know of no other way to explain the Christian perspective than to share my experiences. Do you remember how I shared how one night I thought I was dying? The person I thought was Jesus was telling me to give up the ghost, but something was holding me back. Finally, I asked Jesus to make His will plain to me. The response was unforgettable. A figure stepped out from parting clouds, light coming from Him and from around Him so I could see nothing of Him, only His outline. "Melissa," He said, "do you trust me?" "Yes," I replied. "Then roll over and go to sleep." The experience shook me deeply. The presence of the One who stepped from the clouds made the "light" of the other spirit I had been speaking with seem like dirt. The glow, the unmistakable divinity and purity of that light outshone any previous experience. Since that night, I began to doubt if I was doing the right thing. A few weeks later, I was substitute teaching. I had some spare time, so I was reading a book on spiritual warfare. The author was a minister who was speaking about casting out demons. As I read, terror struck me. A thought crossed my mind that I could not shake. This man had become obsessed with the spirit world, so much so that he was blinded by any other reality. For the first time, my eyes were opened to the fact that I was so concerned with angels and demons that I was missing the point of existence. I was wrong. I called the pastor of the church I was attending at the time, and after a few minutes of conversation, he asked me a simple question I was stunned to realize I could not answer: who is Jesus Christ? I had professed I was a Christian, believing the Bible to be the Word of God, yet when directly asked to profess Jesus as the Son of God, I could not. Perhaps you see the error: any spirit who cannot profess Jesus as the Son of God is none of His (I John 4:1-3). I could not possibly be a Christian if my spirit could not announce Jesus as the Son of God born in the flesh. However, I was not yet convinced I was lost. A few days later, I was deeply bothered by the continuing question of whether or not I was doing right. I was reading the Scriptures where Jesus rebuked the Sadducees for not believing in the resurrection. In that moment, the words, "Do ye not therefore err, because ye know not the scriptures, neither the power of God?" were not for the Sadducees; they were for me. You might as well say the words were highlighted, literally. It was as though they were brighter than all the other words on the page, and the truth of what I read was undeniable. Just as the figure on the cloud was undeniably divine, so these words were undeniably true. I was left confused and uncertain. If you can become obsessed with the spirit world to the point of being blind to reality, yet you need the spirit world to believe there is a God and to be right with Him, how in the world do you know what to do? One simple truth was implanted in me: the Bible is accurate. This was because I could not shake the truth of the words I had read. If I was in error, then what was true? Since I had obviously misread the Scriptures, I knew I needed someone who understood them to tell me if I was in sin or not. I first called you, but you did not answer. Next I called the aforementioned pastor, and he flatly told me he could not support what I had described about communing with spirits as being Biblical. Right after I hung up with him, you returned my call, and I was saved soon after we hung up. I remember how surprised I was to hear myself answer your question, "You know what's wrong, right" with the confession of being lost. It was not conscious knowledge; I did not know it before the words came out of my mouth. It was, as I now understand, the revelation of sin from the Holy Spirit. It was what preachers call conviction. My walk with Christ has not been a bed of roses. My faith is not an avoidance of confrontation, devoid of intense scrutiny, or without outside challenging. I have flung every doubt of my mind straight at the Scriptures and at God's character. I have challenged every belief I once held and every belief every minister has told me. My mother views my faith as equally terrible to my brother's drug additions (she actually said that). She confronted me several times about the judgmental and snobbish attitude of Christians. She outright hates Christ, and therefore hates any representation of Him in my life. Such does not bother me. She is taking out her anger at God on me, and so I can overlook it. Understand I am not ranting about my mother. I am trying to express that my belief in Christ is not a religion but an undeniable experience of truth which has been combatted and withstood deep analysis and the pain of rejection from those closest to me. The night I was saved I learned one thing: I am a fool. You spoke of the freedom from guilt and self-condemnation. You said that you abandoned the impossible standard. I suggest you have missed the point. God's standard is impossible. The purpose of the ten commandments is to teach us that we cannot live up to God's expectations, as Paul states when he writes, "For all men have sinned and come short of the glory of God." If we try to uphold that standard, we fail miserably. We realize how inadequate we are at truly loving those who hate us and sacrificing our lives for the sake of those around us. I propose this: I have more confidence in myself the more I acknowledge I am an imbecile.
Contradiction? Absolutely not. The more I acknowledge I am incapable of being righteous, the more I am liberated from the burden of trying to be so. Because I cannot be righteous (selfishness and pride are my main blocks to loving others), I have the joy of laying myself down. The less I have confidence in myself, the more I have confidence in my life. Why? This is extremely difficult to convey, but nonetheless here is my best effort. The more I reject my understanding of righteousness and reject my desires but instead submit my desires and understanding to be conformed to God's standards, the more I am liberated in knowing and doing righteousness. Again, the less I try to be righteous but instead allow God to be righteous through me, the more abundantly I enjoy the richness of love, selflessness, peace, contentment, and comfort in the presence of
God. The Holy Spirit recently revealed to me a large flaw in my beliefs: because I have always held high the thought of earning everything, I am extremely worked based. That is, I believe I am righteous when I do x, y, and z. Such an attitude is false. It is, perhaps, the attitude that leads to abandoning the unattainable standard for a less demanding moral code. Instead, righteousness is abiding in righteousness; it is a state of being. What, then, is righteousness? The One who wrote the unattainable law, the only One who is perfect, God. You see, I cannot be righteous unless I am in God. If I try to be righteous, I fail. Only God, who is perfect, can uphold the perfect standard of unfailing love, endless grace, endless patience towards others, and true self-sacrifice to the point of laying down my own life. When I die to my own opinion of what life should be and live in God, then I attain righteousness; He becomes my righteousness. This is the basic tenant of Christian faith: acknowledging I am unable to be righteous and therefore asking God to be righteous for me by abiding in me and I in Him so that His life is lived through mine. I die so He may restore me to a vessel devoid of sin, a vessel born of the spirt and not merely of bodily desires. I am certain I am unclear in all of this. My goal is to express that I have not adopted a new belief; I have not adopted a new guardian angel to guide me into spiritual enlightenment; I have not been convinced by people around me that I need Christ to go to heaven. Instead, I have been born-again. I have a new life. I am not the Melissa you knew. That Melissa died the night I confessed I was in error and needed God to save me from my faults. Neither am I living by a new law. Yes, I am under the high standard of perfection, yet I am not responsible for being perfect: the Holy Spirit who lives inside of me (note not possessing, not coaching me as our spirits did in Denison) is responsible for keeping me in a life God deems righteous. God is responsible for showing me my sins, teaching me how to correct my mistakes, and how to live a godly life. I am only responsible for subjecting myself to His instruction. I have to humble myself, acknowledging that He is wiser than I, so I can learn from Him what it means to love, cry, forgive, and ultimately live.
In 102 Minutes, Chapter 7, authors Dwyer and Flynn use ethos, logos, and pathos to appeal to the readers’ consciences, minds and hearts regarding what happened to the people inside the Twin Towers on 9/11. Of particular interest are the following uses of the three appeals.
“People who had incurred the displeasure of the party simply disappeared and were never heard of again.
In the book Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer wrote about Christopher McCandless, a nature lover in search for independence, in a mysterious and hopeful experience. Even though Krakauer tells us McCandless was going to die from the beginning, he still gave him a chance for survival. As a reader I wanted McCandless to survive. In Into the Wild, Krakauer gave McCandless a unique perspective. He was a smart and unique person that wanted to be completely free from society. Krakauer included comments from people that said McCandless was crazy, and his death was his own mistake. However, Krakauer is able to make him seem like a brave person. The connections between other hikers and himself helped in the explanation of McCandless’s rational actions. Krakauer is able to make McCandless look like a normal person, but unique from this generation. In order for Krakauer to make Christopher McCandless not look like a crazy person, but a special person, I will analyze the persuading style that Krakauer used in Into the Wild that made us believe McCandless was a regular young adult.
The Letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in April of 1963. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of several civil rights activists who were arrested in Birmingham Alabama, after protesting against racial injustices in Alabama. Dr. King wrote this letter in response to a statement titled A Call for Unity, which was published on Good Friday by eight of his fellow clergymen from Alabama. Dr. King uses his letter to eloquently refute the article. In the letter dr. king uses many vivid logos, ethos, and pathos to get his point across. Dr. King writes things in his letter that if any other person even dared to write the people would consider them crazy.
In the novel The Stranger by Albert Camus, the narrator’s monotonous tone makes the reader experience a lack of emotion and feeling. The novel starts off describing Mersault’s current job and how he must go on leave in order to attend his mother’s funeral. He and his mother have been disconnected for some time as they had come to a mutual agreement with her staying in an elderly home. Mersault, the main protagonist, did not have the money or time to tend to his mother. The elderly home was the best option for the both of them. When he returns home from the funeral, Mersault gets caught up in external affairs he should not be in. He ends up writing a break up letter to Raymond’s girlfriend, which drives the rest of the story. Raymond beats his
Pollan’s article provides a solid base to the conversation, defining what to do in order to eat healthy. Holding this concept of eating healthy, Joe Pinsker in “Why So Many Rich Kids Come to Enjoy the Taste of Healthier Foods” enters into the conversation and questions the connection of difference in families’ income and how healthy children eat (129-132). He argues that how much families earn largely affect how healthy children eat — income is one of the most important factors preventing people from eating healthy (129-132). In his article, Pinsker utilizes a study done by Caitlin Daniel to illustrate that level of income does affect children’s diet (130). In Daniel’s research, among 75 Boston-area parents, those rich families value children’s healthy diet more than food wasted when children refused to accept those healthier but
In a quote by John Mill, “Does fining a criminal show want of respect for property, or imprisoning him, for personal freedom? Just as unreasonable is it to think that to take the life of a man who has taken that of another is to show want of regard for human life. We show, on the contrary, most emphatically our regard for it, by the adoption of a rule that he who violates that right in another forfeits it for himself, and that while no other crime that he can commit deprives him of his right to live, this shall.” Everyone’s life is precious, but at what price? Is it okay to let a murderer to do as they please? Reader, please take a moment and reflect on this issue. The issue will always be a conflict of beliefs and moral standards. The topic
In a persuasive essay, rhetorical appeals are a very important tool to influence the audience toward the author’s perspective. The three rhetorical appeals, which were first developed by Aristotle, are pathos, logos, and ethos. Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience, logos appeals to the facts or evidence and ethos exhibits the credibility of the writer.
Looking into America’s great past, we can see the great transformation that has occurred in our day to day lives. At one point blacks across the world were imported into America in order to be sold into slavery. Arguably, today throughout society minorities throughout America live a fairer and more equal life than that of the past in the early 19th century. In Octavia Butler’s intriguing novel Kindred, Butler swirls the distinct genres of time-travel based science fiction and historical slave narrative together in order to show her audience the progress that society has achieved by contrasting the struggles that slaves in America had to deal with and their children’s modern standard of living.
Cultural Relativism is a moral theory which states that due to the vastly differing cultural norms held by people across the globe, morality cannot be judged objectively, and must instead be judged subjectively through the lense of an individuals own cultural norms. Because it is obvious that there are many different beliefs that are held by people around the world, cultural relativism can easily be seen as answer to the question of how to accurately and fairly judge the cultural morality of others, by not doing so at all. However Cultural Relativism is a lazy way to avoid the difficult task of evaluating one’s own values and weighing them against the values of other cultures. Many Cultural Relativist might abstain from making moral judgments about other cultures based on an assumed lack of understanding of other cultures, but I would argue that they do no favors to the cultures of others by assuming them to be so firmly ‘other’ that they would be unable to comprehend their moral decisions. Cultural Relativism as a moral theory fails to allow for critical thoughts on the nature of morality and encourages the stagnation
Looking back at my rhetorical analysis in writing 150, to sum it up, it was horrendous. It became exceedingly obvious that I had skipped the prewriting step. Forgoing this step caused choppy sentences, multiple grammatical errors, and horrendous flow. The rough draft ended up looking like a collection of jumbled up words. The first attempted felt so bad, I started over entirely. After the review in class, I used the examples to focus my ideas and build off what other people had done. For example, the review helped me to clarify my knowledge and use of Kairos. Once done, it was peer reviewed by my group again. All the other group members commented that I had good ideas, but bad flow and grammatical errors. After revising their respective points and
Jonathan Kozol revealed the early period’s situation of education in American schools in his article Savage Inequalities. It seems like during that period, the inequality existed everywhere and no one had the ability to change it; however, Kozol tried his best to turn around this situation and keep track of all he saw. In the article, he used rhetorical strategies effectively to describe what he saw in that situation, such as pathos, logos and ethos.
This semester has been full of ups and downs in all aspects of school, but English has created a challenge and reward all its own. I found this class to be relatively laid back and smooth going especially compared to General Chemistry. My biggest accomplishment in English 110, in my opinion, was writing my Rhetorical Analysis. I was required to write many different papers in many different ways in high school, but I never had to judge another author on their effectiveness of writing. After I wrote my analysis, turned it in, and read it for myself I was fairly happy. I thought that I did very poorly on it, but I did fairly well for my first analysis. I took what I thought I was suppose write, put my own spin on it, and it worked.
and so is your faith." This is why opponents of the Christian faith have tried
The biggest thing that I’ve been dealing with and at this time still struggle with is in finding my self-worth. Some may also call it self-confidence. I feel that I have tended to confuse God’s love for me as primarily traveling through vessels, i.e. other people in the body of Christ. I all too often can look back on my past and see the points where I felt the most apart from God and tie them in with instances where I had torn relationships with past friends in the church. Throughout this struggle though, I have continued to feel the presence of God, through the Holy Spirit, comforting me and guiding me on this spi...